Sandybook - GeneralNews, articles and Daily Current affairshttps://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/general2024-03-29T11:03:15+05:30sandybook.insandybook.in@gmail.comJoomla! - Open Source Content ManagementE-RUPI: क्या है ई-रुपी और कैसे करता काम करता है 2021-08-13T12:49:36+05:302021-08-13T12:49:36+05:30https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/tech/general-news/1045-e-rupi-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88-%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88Sandybooksandybook.in@gmail.com<p><img src="https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/e_rupee.JPG" /></p><h1>E-RUPI: क्या है ई-रुपी और कैसे करता काम करता है</h1>
<p>"ई-रुपी क्या इसके क्या फायदे हमें हो सकते है तो दस्तो सरकारी योजनाओ से मिलने वाली मदत का सही जगह इस्तेमाल हो सके और डजीटल पेमेंट सिस्टम को बढ़ावा देने के लिए प्रधान मंत्री मोदीजी ने हाल ही में "इ रुपया" वाउचर से पेमेंट सिस्टम जारी किया है तो यह किस तरीके से पेमेंट सिस्टम में बदलाव लाने वाला है बहुत ही ध्यान से पढियेगा। 2 अगस्त 2021 को प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने इसे लॉन्च किया है तो दोस्तों हम जानेंगे कि ई-रुपी क्या होता है और कैसे काम करता है फ्रेंड्स सबसे पहला जो प्रश्न आप सभी के दिमाग पर उठना है कि ई-रुपी क्या है तो इसको समझते हैं यह एक प्रकार का प्रीपेड डिजिटल वाउचर है इसमें आपके मोबाइल पर डिजिटल रूप में पैसा मिलता है और सिर्फ मोबाइल नंबर की मदद से इन पैसों का भुगतान भी हो जाता है SMS और क्यूआर कोड और ओटीपी(OTP) की मदद से पूरी प्रक्रिया हो जाती है</p>
<p>इसके लिए आपके पास किसी बैंक अकाउंट की जरूरत नहीं है , किसी कार्ड या इंटरनेट बैंकिंग की जरूरत नहीं है इससे पूरी तरह कैशलेस ,कांटेक्ट लेंस, और सुरक्षित भुगतान होता है आप जान करके हैरान हो जाएंगे इसकी सबसे बड़ी खासियत यह भी होती है कि किसी को सब्सिडी या मदद के रूप में मिला पैसा सिर्फ उसी काम में खर्च किया जा सकता है जिस काम के लिए उसे मिला है मैं आपको समझा तो एक उदाहरण के रूप में उदाहरण के लिए अगर आपके पास कोरोना वैक्सीन के लिए ई-रुपी वाउचर है तो इसे वह सिर्फ करोना वैक्सीन के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जा सकेगा दूसरे किसी काम में नहीं साथी यह सिर्फ उस व्यक्ति के लिए इस्तेमाल हो सकता है जिसके लिए जारी हुआ है इसके लिए तकनीकी रूप से सक्षम सिस्टम तैयार किया गया है। इ रोपी बहुचर में मिली पूरी रकम का एक ही बार में पूरा भुगतान हो जाएगा क्योंकि इनमें सिर्फ उतनी ही रकम होगी जितनी उस काम के लिए तय की गई है फिलहाल अधिकतम ₹10000 कीमत के ही इ वाउचर जारी किए जा सकते हैं</p>
<p>एक और सवाल दिमाग में आता है कि आखिर को किसने ई-रुपी वाउचर को विकसित किया है तो भारतीय राष्ट्रीय भुगतान निगम जिसे हम एनपीसीआई भी कहते हैं इससे वित्तीय सेवा विभाग DFS, स्वास्थ्य एवं परिवार मंत्रालय मोहफव, राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य प्राधिकरण एनएचके की मदद से विकसित किया गया है इसका पूरा सिस्टम यूपीआई प्लेटफार्म पर काम करता है आगे इसे कंपनियों और संस्थाओं की ओर से भी इस्तेमाल किया जा सकेगा रिजर्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया ने इसे मंजूरी दे दी है ई-रुपी वाउचर जारी करने का काम 3 तरह के संस्थानों को मिलेगा पहला बैंक दूसरा पेमेंट सर्विस देने वाली कंपनियां, और तीसरा प्रीपेड वाउचर बनाने वाली कंपनिया।</p>
<p>फ़िलहाल भारतीय स्टेट बैंक ऑफ इंडिया( एसबीआई ) दूसरा है पंजाब नेशनल बैंक (पीएनबी) तीसरा है एचडीएफसी बैंक चौथे बैंक ऑफ इंडिया पांचवा केंद्र बैंक को वाउचर बनाने के किये अधिकृत किया गया है इनके अलावा फाइनेंसियल टेक्नोलॉजी कंपनी पाइन लैब्सस और भारतपे भी इस प्रोजेक्ट से जुड़ने की सूचना है पहली बार इस पेमेंट सिस्टम का इस्तेमाल कोविड वैक्सीनेशन अभियान में कैशलेस पेमेंट सिस्टम के सिस्टम के रूप में किया गया है क्योंकि प्राइवेट अस्पतालों को शुल्क लेकर करोना का टिका लगाने की छूट दी गई है</p>
<p>अब हम जानते है इसके क्क्या-क्या फायदे हैं <br />सरकार को सब्सिडी का पैसा सही जगह पर खर्च करने में आसानी होगी | समान लोगों, कंपनियों और अस्पतालों को भी इससे फायदा होगा | सामान लोगों को क्या फायदा होगा सिर्फ मोबाइल नंबर के माध्यम से सरकार या कंपनी से पैसे लिया जा सकेगा और किसी को पेमेंट भीडिजिटल रूप से किया जा सकेगा, अन्य किसी पेमेंट माध्यमों पर निर्भरता नहीं होगी , ट्रांजैक्शन के लिए किसी भी तरह के डेबिट क्रेडिट या प्रीपेड कार्ड रखने की जरूरत नहीं होगी ,किसी तरह का अकाउंट नंबर देने की जरूरत नहीं होगी , भुगतान की प्रक्रिया तभी पूरी होगी जब कि आप वेरिफिकेशन कोड बताएंगे किस से किसी तरह की कमीशन बाजी यह फ्रॉड की गुंजाइश नहीं रहेगी</p>
<p>अगला फायदा संक्रमण का खतरा नहीं रहेगा भुगतान लेने वाले और देने वाली के बीच किसी तरह के सीधे संपर्क इस जरूरत नहीं होगी क्योंकि ना तो नगद भुगतान करना होगा और ना ही किसी तरह के दस्तावेज पेश करना होगा इससे किसी बीमारी का संक्रमण फैलने की गुंजाइश नहीं होगी। कोरोनावायरस के माहौल में में ऐसे किसी पेमेंट सिस्टम की सख्त जरूरत महसूस की जा रही थी। डाटा की प्राइवेसी भी बनी रहेगी आपको पेमेंट पाने या पेमेंट देने के लिए आधार नंबर आफ बैंक अकाउंट नंबर या किसी अन्य तरह की डिटेल को देने की भी जरूरत नहीं होगी इससे आपकी प्राइवेसी बनी रहेगी और डेटा का दुरुपयोग की आशंका भी नहीं रहेगी दोस्तों यह थी ई-रुपी के बारे में संपूर्ण विश्लेषण आ जानकारी।</p><p><img src="https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/e_rupee.JPG" /></p><h1>E-RUPI: क्या है ई-रुपी और कैसे करता काम करता है</h1>
<p>"ई-रुपी क्या इसके क्या फायदे हमें हो सकते है तो दस्तो सरकारी योजनाओ से मिलने वाली मदत का सही जगह इस्तेमाल हो सके और डजीटल पेमेंट सिस्टम को बढ़ावा देने के लिए प्रधान मंत्री मोदीजी ने हाल ही में "इ रुपया" वाउचर से पेमेंट सिस्टम जारी किया है तो यह किस तरीके से पेमेंट सिस्टम में बदलाव लाने वाला है बहुत ही ध्यान से पढियेगा। 2 अगस्त 2021 को प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने इसे लॉन्च किया है तो दोस्तों हम जानेंगे कि ई-रुपी क्या होता है और कैसे काम करता है फ्रेंड्स सबसे पहला जो प्रश्न आप सभी के दिमाग पर उठना है कि ई-रुपी क्या है तो इसको समझते हैं यह एक प्रकार का प्रीपेड डिजिटल वाउचर है इसमें आपके मोबाइल पर डिजिटल रूप में पैसा मिलता है और सिर्फ मोबाइल नंबर की मदद से इन पैसों का भुगतान भी हो जाता है SMS और क्यूआर कोड और ओटीपी(OTP) की मदद से पूरी प्रक्रिया हो जाती है</p>
<p>इसके लिए आपके पास किसी बैंक अकाउंट की जरूरत नहीं है , किसी कार्ड या इंटरनेट बैंकिंग की जरूरत नहीं है इससे पूरी तरह कैशलेस ,कांटेक्ट लेंस, और सुरक्षित भुगतान होता है आप जान करके हैरान हो जाएंगे इसकी सबसे बड़ी खासियत यह भी होती है कि किसी को सब्सिडी या मदद के रूप में मिला पैसा सिर्फ उसी काम में खर्च किया जा सकता है जिस काम के लिए उसे मिला है मैं आपको समझा तो एक उदाहरण के रूप में उदाहरण के लिए अगर आपके पास कोरोना वैक्सीन के लिए ई-रुपी वाउचर है तो इसे वह सिर्फ करोना वैक्सीन के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जा सकेगा दूसरे किसी काम में नहीं साथी यह सिर्फ उस व्यक्ति के लिए इस्तेमाल हो सकता है जिसके लिए जारी हुआ है इसके लिए तकनीकी रूप से सक्षम सिस्टम तैयार किया गया है। इ रोपी बहुचर में मिली पूरी रकम का एक ही बार में पूरा भुगतान हो जाएगा क्योंकि इनमें सिर्फ उतनी ही रकम होगी जितनी उस काम के लिए तय की गई है फिलहाल अधिकतम ₹10000 कीमत के ही इ वाउचर जारी किए जा सकते हैं</p>
<p>एक और सवाल दिमाग में आता है कि आखिर को किसने ई-रुपी वाउचर को विकसित किया है तो भारतीय राष्ट्रीय भुगतान निगम जिसे हम एनपीसीआई भी कहते हैं इससे वित्तीय सेवा विभाग DFS, स्वास्थ्य एवं परिवार मंत्रालय मोहफव, राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य प्राधिकरण एनएचके की मदद से विकसित किया गया है इसका पूरा सिस्टम यूपीआई प्लेटफार्म पर काम करता है आगे इसे कंपनियों और संस्थाओं की ओर से भी इस्तेमाल किया जा सकेगा रिजर्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया ने इसे मंजूरी दे दी है ई-रुपी वाउचर जारी करने का काम 3 तरह के संस्थानों को मिलेगा पहला बैंक दूसरा पेमेंट सर्विस देने वाली कंपनियां, और तीसरा प्रीपेड वाउचर बनाने वाली कंपनिया।</p>
<p>फ़िलहाल भारतीय स्टेट बैंक ऑफ इंडिया( एसबीआई ) दूसरा है पंजाब नेशनल बैंक (पीएनबी) तीसरा है एचडीएफसी बैंक चौथे बैंक ऑफ इंडिया पांचवा केंद्र बैंक को वाउचर बनाने के किये अधिकृत किया गया है इनके अलावा फाइनेंसियल टेक्नोलॉजी कंपनी पाइन लैब्सस और भारतपे भी इस प्रोजेक्ट से जुड़ने की सूचना है पहली बार इस पेमेंट सिस्टम का इस्तेमाल कोविड वैक्सीनेशन अभियान में कैशलेस पेमेंट सिस्टम के सिस्टम के रूप में किया गया है क्योंकि प्राइवेट अस्पतालों को शुल्क लेकर करोना का टिका लगाने की छूट दी गई है</p>
<p>अब हम जानते है इसके क्क्या-क्या फायदे हैं <br />सरकार को सब्सिडी का पैसा सही जगह पर खर्च करने में आसानी होगी | समान लोगों, कंपनियों और अस्पतालों को भी इससे फायदा होगा | सामान लोगों को क्या फायदा होगा सिर्फ मोबाइल नंबर के माध्यम से सरकार या कंपनी से पैसे लिया जा सकेगा और किसी को पेमेंट भीडिजिटल रूप से किया जा सकेगा, अन्य किसी पेमेंट माध्यमों पर निर्भरता नहीं होगी , ट्रांजैक्शन के लिए किसी भी तरह के डेबिट क्रेडिट या प्रीपेड कार्ड रखने की जरूरत नहीं होगी ,किसी तरह का अकाउंट नंबर देने की जरूरत नहीं होगी , भुगतान की प्रक्रिया तभी पूरी होगी जब कि आप वेरिफिकेशन कोड बताएंगे किस से किसी तरह की कमीशन बाजी यह फ्रॉड की गुंजाइश नहीं रहेगी</p>
<p>अगला फायदा संक्रमण का खतरा नहीं रहेगा भुगतान लेने वाले और देने वाली के बीच किसी तरह के सीधे संपर्क इस जरूरत नहीं होगी क्योंकि ना तो नगद भुगतान करना होगा और ना ही किसी तरह के दस्तावेज पेश करना होगा इससे किसी बीमारी का संक्रमण फैलने की गुंजाइश नहीं होगी। कोरोनावायरस के माहौल में में ऐसे किसी पेमेंट सिस्टम की सख्त जरूरत महसूस की जा रही थी। डाटा की प्राइवेसी भी बनी रहेगी आपको पेमेंट पाने या पेमेंट देने के लिए आधार नंबर आफ बैंक अकाउंट नंबर या किसी अन्य तरह की डिटेल को देने की भी जरूरत नहीं होगी इससे आपकी प्राइवेसी बनी रहेगी और डेटा का दुरुपयोग की आशंका भी नहीं रहेगी दोस्तों यह थी ई-रुपी के बारे में संपूर्ण विश्लेषण आ जानकारी।</p>भारत और एशिया का पहला डॉल्फिन अनुसन्धान केंद्र (NDRC) कहा स्थापित किया जायेगा2021-08-06T15:28:25+05:302021-08-06T15:28:25+05:30https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/tech/general-news/1032-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0-ndrc-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BESandybooksandybook.in@gmail.com<p><img src="https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Dolfins.JPG" /></p><h1>भारत और एशिया का पहला डॉल्फिन अनुसन्धान केंद्र</h1>
<p> </p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">भारत और एशिया का पहला राष्ट्रीय डॉल्फिन अनुसंधान केंद्र (NDRC) बिहार राज्य के पटना विश्वविद्यालय परिसर में गंगा नदी के तट पर स्थापित किया जाएगा.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">मानसून के मौसम के बाद इस केंद्र पर काम शुरू होने की उम्मीद है.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">विशेषज्ञों की टीमों द्वारा गंगा नदी में वर्ष, 2018-19 में किए गए एक सर्वेक्षण के अनुसार, इस नदी में लगभग 1,455 डॉल्फ़िन देखी गईं.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">बिहार के उपमुख्यमंत्री सुशील कुमार मोदी ने यह कहा है कि, राज्य सरकार पटना विश्वविद्यालय के परिसर में राष्ट्रीय डॉल्फिन अनुसंधान केंद्र स्थापित करने के</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">लिए कड़ी मेहनत कर रही है.</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">राष्ट्रीय डॉल्फिन अनुसंधान केंद्र (NDRC): मुख्य विशेषताएं</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• इस राष्ट्रीय डॉल्फिन अनुसंधान केंद्र की स्थापना गंगा नदी की डॉल्फिन के संरक्षण की दिशा में एक बड़ा कदम है.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• यह केंद्र पटना विश्वविद्यालय के भीतर 4400 वर्ग मीटर भूमि पर स्थापित किया जाएगा और यह केंद्र गंगा नदी से करीब 200 मीटर की दूरी पर होगा.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• इस केंद्र के वर्ष 2022 तक स्थापित होने की उम्मीद है. शुरू में वर्ष, 2011 में यह परियोजना प्रस्तावित की गई थी.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">महत्त्व</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">यह राष्ट्रीय डॉल्फिन अनुसंधान केंद्र लुप्तप्राय गंगा डॉल्फिन के संरक्षण के प्रयासों को बढ़ावा देगा और डॉल्फ़िन के बदलते व्यवहार, भोजन की आदतों,</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">उत्तरजीविता कौशल, मृत्यु के कारण और अन्य पहलुओं सहित इन डॉलफिन्स पर गहन शोध को सक्षम करेगा.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">यह NDRC परियोजना डॉल्फिन के लिए फायदेमंद होगी, जिसकी घोषणा प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने 15 अगस्त, 2020 को की थी.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">यह प्रोजेक्ट डॉल्फिन क्या है?</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• प्रोजेक्ट टाइगर की सफलता को दोहराने के लिए पिछले साल अपने स्वतंत्रता दिवस के भाषण के दौरान प्रोजेक्ट लॉयन के साथ प्रधानमंत्री द्वारा प्रोजेक्ट</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">डॉल्फिन की घोषणा भी की गई थी.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• इस प्रोजेक्ट डॉल्फ़िन का उद्देश्य देश की नदियों और महासागरों में डॉल्फ़िन का संरक्षण और सुरक्षा करना है.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• यह परियोजना, विशेष रूप से अवैध शिकार विरोधी गतिविधियों और गणना में आधुनिक तकनीक के उपयोग के माध्यम से डॉल्फ़िन और जलीय आवास के</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">संरक्षण को शामिल करेगी.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">गंगा की डॉल्फिन</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• गंगा की डॉल्फिन भारत का राष्ट्रीय जलीय जंतु है. यह दुनिया की चार मीठे पानी की डॉल्फ़िन प्रजातियों में से एक है.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• अन्य तीन मीठे पानी की डॉल्फ़िन प्रजातियां चीन की यांग्त्ज़ी नदी (अब विलुप्त), पाकिस्तान की सिंधु नदी और दक्षिण अमेरिका की अमेज़ॅन नदी में पाई जाती</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">हैं.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• गंगा की डॉल्फिन मुख्य रूप से भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप, खासकर गंगा-ब्रह्मपुत्र-मेघना और कर्णफुली-सांगू नदियों में पाई जाती है.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• डॉल्फ़िन्स कम से कम 05 फीट से 08 फीट गहरा पानी पसंद करती हैं. ये आमतौर पर अशांत पानी में पाई जाती हैं, जहां इनके पास खाने के लिए पर्याप्त</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">मछलियां होती हैं.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• बिहार में देश की अनुमानित 3,000 डॉल्फ़िन आबादी का लगभग आधा हिस्सा है.</p><p><img src="https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Dolfins.JPG" /></p><h1>भारत और एशिया का पहला डॉल्फिन अनुसन्धान केंद्र</h1>
<p> </p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">भारत और एशिया का पहला राष्ट्रीय डॉल्फिन अनुसंधान केंद्र (NDRC) बिहार राज्य के पटना विश्वविद्यालय परिसर में गंगा नदी के तट पर स्थापित किया जाएगा.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">मानसून के मौसम के बाद इस केंद्र पर काम शुरू होने की उम्मीद है.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">विशेषज्ञों की टीमों द्वारा गंगा नदी में वर्ष, 2018-19 में किए गए एक सर्वेक्षण के अनुसार, इस नदी में लगभग 1,455 डॉल्फ़िन देखी गईं.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">बिहार के उपमुख्यमंत्री सुशील कुमार मोदी ने यह कहा है कि, राज्य सरकार पटना विश्वविद्यालय के परिसर में राष्ट्रीय डॉल्फिन अनुसंधान केंद्र स्थापित करने के</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">लिए कड़ी मेहनत कर रही है.</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">राष्ट्रीय डॉल्फिन अनुसंधान केंद्र (NDRC): मुख्य विशेषताएं</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• इस राष्ट्रीय डॉल्फिन अनुसंधान केंद्र की स्थापना गंगा नदी की डॉल्फिन के संरक्षण की दिशा में एक बड़ा कदम है.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• यह केंद्र पटना विश्वविद्यालय के भीतर 4400 वर्ग मीटर भूमि पर स्थापित किया जाएगा और यह केंद्र गंगा नदी से करीब 200 मीटर की दूरी पर होगा.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• इस केंद्र के वर्ष 2022 तक स्थापित होने की उम्मीद है. शुरू में वर्ष, 2011 में यह परियोजना प्रस्तावित की गई थी.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">महत्त्व</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">यह राष्ट्रीय डॉल्फिन अनुसंधान केंद्र लुप्तप्राय गंगा डॉल्फिन के संरक्षण के प्रयासों को बढ़ावा देगा और डॉल्फ़िन के बदलते व्यवहार, भोजन की आदतों,</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">उत्तरजीविता कौशल, मृत्यु के कारण और अन्य पहलुओं सहित इन डॉलफिन्स पर गहन शोध को सक्षम करेगा.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">यह NDRC परियोजना डॉल्फिन के लिए फायदेमंद होगी, जिसकी घोषणा प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने 15 अगस्त, 2020 को की थी.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">यह प्रोजेक्ट डॉल्फिन क्या है?</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• प्रोजेक्ट टाइगर की सफलता को दोहराने के लिए पिछले साल अपने स्वतंत्रता दिवस के भाषण के दौरान प्रोजेक्ट लॉयन के साथ प्रधानमंत्री द्वारा प्रोजेक्ट</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">डॉल्फिन की घोषणा भी की गई थी.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• इस प्रोजेक्ट डॉल्फ़िन का उद्देश्य देश की नदियों और महासागरों में डॉल्फ़िन का संरक्षण और सुरक्षा करना है.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• यह परियोजना, विशेष रूप से अवैध शिकार विरोधी गतिविधियों और गणना में आधुनिक तकनीक के उपयोग के माध्यम से डॉल्फ़िन और जलीय आवास के</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">संरक्षण को शामिल करेगी.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">गंगा की डॉल्फिन</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• गंगा की डॉल्फिन भारत का राष्ट्रीय जलीय जंतु है. यह दुनिया की चार मीठे पानी की डॉल्फ़िन प्रजातियों में से एक है.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• अन्य तीन मीठे पानी की डॉल्फ़िन प्रजातियां चीन की यांग्त्ज़ी नदी (अब विलुप्त), पाकिस्तान की सिंधु नदी और दक्षिण अमेरिका की अमेज़ॅन नदी में पाई जाती</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">हैं.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• गंगा की डॉल्फिन मुख्य रूप से भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप, खासकर गंगा-ब्रह्मपुत्र-मेघना और कर्णफुली-सांगू नदियों में पाई जाती है.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• डॉल्फ़िन्स कम से कम 05 फीट से 08 फीट गहरा पानी पसंद करती हैं. ये आमतौर पर अशांत पानी में पाई जाती हैं, जहां इनके पास खाने के लिए पर्याप्त</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">मछलियां होती हैं.</p>
<p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;">• बिहार में देश की अनुमानित 3,000 डॉल्फ़िन आबादी का लगभग आधा हिस्सा है.</p> Why should one keep lamp lit 24x7 in God's room?2021-07-03T12:27:56+05:302021-07-03T12:27:56+05:30https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/tech/general-news/1022-why-should-one-keep-lamp-lit-24x7-in-god-s-roomSandybooksandybook.in@gmail.com<p>In our Hindu culture, lighting a lamp denotes dispelling away darkness. The lamp is, in most Indian languages, called as “Jyoti”. When we pray to Goddesses by lighting a lamp, the belief is that we will be richly rewarded with tremendous prosperity. Married women or girls of marriageable age are always advised to light a lamp and pray for the welfare of their family, pray for marriage to a good boy, pray for motherhood. In reality, it is said that Goddess Rajarajeshwari resides in the lamp – she represents the combined form of Durga, Lakshmi and Saraswathi.</p>
<p>Propitiating the Deepalakshmi (in the form of Rajarajeshwari) with vermillion, flowers, and stotras every Friday can give you benefits that cannot be described in words.<br /> <br />Look at this stanza from Lalitha Sahasranamam<br /> <br />“Om Suvasinyay namah<br />Om Suvasin archanapreethayay namah”.</p>
<p>The philosophy of the lamp is profound. We light away lamp to drive away sadness and welcome happiness with open arms. You want to acquire knowledge and drive away ignorance, so we pray to Deepalakshmi.</p>
<p>Bottom portion of the lamp: (lotus seat): Lord Brahma<br />The middle pipe of the lamp: Lord Venkateswara<br />The portion where oil/ghee is filled: Rudran<br />The portion where wick settles: Lord Maheswara<br />The end of the wick: Sadashiv<br />Ghee/Oil: Natham</p>
<p>Lamp, as mentioned earlier, represents Durga, Saraswathi and Lakshmi.</p>
<p>The 5 faces of a lamp denote the 5 qualities that a woman needs to have:</p>
<ul>
<li>Affection</li>
<li>Intelligence</li>
<li>Resoluteness</li>
<li>Patience</li>
<li>Caution</li>
</ul>
<p>The portion where the oil is filled indicates the mind of the woman.<br />When you light a lamp, all the five qualities of the woman gets prominence.<br />So, when you light a lamp, you light your soul. It helps us in developing our intellect.</p>
<p>Nowadays, you can see many people (including males) lighting lamps in temples or donating oil to the temple or donating a lamp to the temple. Lighting a lamp in the temple brightens your life. If we light a lamp in our homes every evening and pray by reciting a few shlokas, it will make our lives shimmer like the lamp.</p>
<ol>
<li>Ghee/Oil or a mixture of oil and ghee can be used to light the lamp.</li>
<li>When you show the lamp during aarthi, rotate the lamp in the form of “OM” from the foot till the head at least thrice.</li>
<li>Lamp is always a good omen – if someone gifts you a lamp, accept it whole-heartedly. If the lamp flickers, it is an auspicious sign.</li>
<li>At the least, light a lamp in front of Devi Maa every Friday with till oil.</li>
<li>During the Karthik month, lighting lamps in the front of homes is considered to be very powerful.</li>
<li>Always smear the lamp with vermillion and sandal powder.</li>
<li>Offer flowers to the lamp.</li>
<li>Pray to Lord Ganesha and then your family deity before lighting the lamp.</li>
</ol><p>In our Hindu culture, lighting a lamp denotes dispelling away darkness. The lamp is, in most Indian languages, called as “Jyoti”. When we pray to Goddesses by lighting a lamp, the belief is that we will be richly rewarded with tremendous prosperity. Married women or girls of marriageable age are always advised to light a lamp and pray for the welfare of their family, pray for marriage to a good boy, pray for motherhood. In reality, it is said that Goddess Rajarajeshwari resides in the lamp – she represents the combined form of Durga, Lakshmi and Saraswathi.</p>
<p>Propitiating the Deepalakshmi (in the form of Rajarajeshwari) with vermillion, flowers, and stotras every Friday can give you benefits that cannot be described in words.<br /> <br />Look at this stanza from Lalitha Sahasranamam<br /> <br />“Om Suvasinyay namah<br />Om Suvasin archanapreethayay namah”.</p>
<p>The philosophy of the lamp is profound. We light away lamp to drive away sadness and welcome happiness with open arms. You want to acquire knowledge and drive away ignorance, so we pray to Deepalakshmi.</p>
<p>Bottom portion of the lamp: (lotus seat): Lord Brahma<br />The middle pipe of the lamp: Lord Venkateswara<br />The portion where oil/ghee is filled: Rudran<br />The portion where wick settles: Lord Maheswara<br />The end of the wick: Sadashiv<br />Ghee/Oil: Natham</p>
<p>Lamp, as mentioned earlier, represents Durga, Saraswathi and Lakshmi.</p>
<p>The 5 faces of a lamp denote the 5 qualities that a woman needs to have:</p>
<ul>
<li>Affection</li>
<li>Intelligence</li>
<li>Resoluteness</li>
<li>Patience</li>
<li>Caution</li>
</ul>
<p>The portion where the oil is filled indicates the mind of the woman.<br />When you light a lamp, all the five qualities of the woman gets prominence.<br />So, when you light a lamp, you light your soul. It helps us in developing our intellect.</p>
<p>Nowadays, you can see many people (including males) lighting lamps in temples or donating oil to the temple or donating a lamp to the temple. Lighting a lamp in the temple brightens your life. If we light a lamp in our homes every evening and pray by reciting a few shlokas, it will make our lives shimmer like the lamp.</p>
<ol>
<li>Ghee/Oil or a mixture of oil and ghee can be used to light the lamp.</li>
<li>When you show the lamp during aarthi, rotate the lamp in the form of “OM” from the foot till the head at least thrice.</li>
<li>Lamp is always a good omen – if someone gifts you a lamp, accept it whole-heartedly. If the lamp flickers, it is an auspicious sign.</li>
<li>At the least, light a lamp in front of Devi Maa every Friday with till oil.</li>
<li>During the Karthik month, lighting lamps in the front of homes is considered to be very powerful.</li>
<li>Always smear the lamp with vermillion and sandal powder.</li>
<li>Offer flowers to the lamp.</li>
<li>Pray to Lord Ganesha and then your family deity before lighting the lamp.</li>
</ol>WHY DO DIFFERENT EXCHANGES OFFER DIFFERENT PRICES?2021-07-03T12:18:51+05:302021-07-03T12:18:51+05:30https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/tech/general-news/1021-why-do-different-exchanges-offer-different-pricesSandybooksandybook.in@gmail.com<h1 itemprop="headline"> WHY DO DIFFERENT EXCHANGES OFFER DIFFERENT PRICES?</h1>
<p>why bitcoin prices are different across various exchanges? When someone googles the price of bitcoin, it will give a figure that is different to that found on many platforms. It’s a good question, and there are several factors at play as to why this is the case.</p>
<p>The first, and most prominent reason, in my opinion, is the distinct lack of any standard pricing.</p>
<p>Bitcoin, and cryptocurrencies in general, are decentralized digital currencies, meaning there is no recognized standard price at any particular time. Crypto isn’t pegged to any fiat currency, such as the USD or Euro, and it isn’t linked to a particular nation or even to any specific exchange. Those looking to buy or sell crypto such as bitcoin will find that, as is the case with all commodities, supply and demand varies depending on the market, and the time you decide to take action.</p>
<p>Another factor to consider is liquidity.</p>
<p>We find that bitcoin trading volume can be much higher on the larger exchanges, such as Binance and BitForex, while smaller exchanges see less volume. This difference in supply affects the price of cryptocurrency across those exchanges. There is also no currently established procedure for pricing bitcoin, or cryptocurrency in general. This means that no one really knows what the cost of it should be, and the price is purely determined by trading levels at any given time.</p>
<p>When you look up the price of bitcoin on Google, how can you be entirely sure that the results are accurate? The truth is, you can’t be. Crypto price trackers either calculate an average estimate, or they will base their pricing on a recent bitcoin trade on a prominent crypto exchange. When you google the price of bitcoin, for example, you are provided with the value from Coinbase API.</p>
<p>Finally, you also have to factor in fees.</p>
<p>Most crypto exchanges will charge those who use their service some form of transaction fee, which will add an extra layer of inaccuracy to your final trading price. The fee charged by most crypto exchanges is relatively small in comparison to the value of your trade, but you should always read the small print and carry out your due diligence when it comes to choosing which exchange to carry out your transaction.</p>
<p>The average fee charged by the more popular exchanges usually ranges anywhere from 0.1 percent to 0.2 percent, but if you do your homework, you can find good deals out there.</p>
<p>Binance, for example, charge 0.1 percent for traders who aren’t using BNB (binance coin) to make their trade, while BitForex have categorised their fees into “maker” or “taker” fees.</p>
<p>Briefly, this means that anyone who adds liquidity to their order book by placing a limit order below the ticker price when buying, or above the ticker price when selling is eligible to pay a “maker” fee, while those who remove liquidity from their order book by placing an order that is executed against an order on the order book will pay a “taker” fee.</p>
<p>BitForex charge a 0 percent maker fee rate, and a 0.05 percent taker fee. The idea of “maker” and “taker” fees can be confusing for those traders relatively new to the industry, but there are certain exchanges which offer deals on fees.</p>
<p>ETERBASE, for example, offer zero fees for both market makers and takers subject to conditions, and there are other deals to be had depending on the amount you’re looking to trade, and how often, while Coinbase Pro, formerly known as GDAX, is considered one of the cheapest exchanges if you’re looking to buy crypto with fiat currency.</p>
<p>The best advice for traders who are confused about the different prices offered by different exchanges is to first clarify for yourself what kind of trader you’re going to be and look for an exchange that will cater to your needs.</p>
<p> </p><h1 itemprop="headline"> WHY DO DIFFERENT EXCHANGES OFFER DIFFERENT PRICES?</h1>
<p>why bitcoin prices are different across various exchanges? When someone googles the price of bitcoin, it will give a figure that is different to that found on many platforms. It’s a good question, and there are several factors at play as to why this is the case.</p>
<p>The first, and most prominent reason, in my opinion, is the distinct lack of any standard pricing.</p>
<p>Bitcoin, and cryptocurrencies in general, are decentralized digital currencies, meaning there is no recognized standard price at any particular time. Crypto isn’t pegged to any fiat currency, such as the USD or Euro, and it isn’t linked to a particular nation or even to any specific exchange. Those looking to buy or sell crypto such as bitcoin will find that, as is the case with all commodities, supply and demand varies depending on the market, and the time you decide to take action.</p>
<p>Another factor to consider is liquidity.</p>
<p>We find that bitcoin trading volume can be much higher on the larger exchanges, such as Binance and BitForex, while smaller exchanges see less volume. This difference in supply affects the price of cryptocurrency across those exchanges. There is also no currently established procedure for pricing bitcoin, or cryptocurrency in general. This means that no one really knows what the cost of it should be, and the price is purely determined by trading levels at any given time.</p>
<p>When you look up the price of bitcoin on Google, how can you be entirely sure that the results are accurate? The truth is, you can’t be. Crypto price trackers either calculate an average estimate, or they will base their pricing on a recent bitcoin trade on a prominent crypto exchange. When you google the price of bitcoin, for example, you are provided with the value from Coinbase API.</p>
<p>Finally, you also have to factor in fees.</p>
<p>Most crypto exchanges will charge those who use their service some form of transaction fee, which will add an extra layer of inaccuracy to your final trading price. The fee charged by most crypto exchanges is relatively small in comparison to the value of your trade, but you should always read the small print and carry out your due diligence when it comes to choosing which exchange to carry out your transaction.</p>
<p>The average fee charged by the more popular exchanges usually ranges anywhere from 0.1 percent to 0.2 percent, but if you do your homework, you can find good deals out there.</p>
<p>Binance, for example, charge 0.1 percent for traders who aren’t using BNB (binance coin) to make their trade, while BitForex have categorised their fees into “maker” or “taker” fees.</p>
<p>Briefly, this means that anyone who adds liquidity to their order book by placing a limit order below the ticker price when buying, or above the ticker price when selling is eligible to pay a “maker” fee, while those who remove liquidity from their order book by placing an order that is executed against an order on the order book will pay a “taker” fee.</p>
<p>BitForex charge a 0 percent maker fee rate, and a 0.05 percent taker fee. The idea of “maker” and “taker” fees can be confusing for those traders relatively new to the industry, but there are certain exchanges which offer deals on fees.</p>
<p>ETERBASE, for example, offer zero fees for both market makers and takers subject to conditions, and there are other deals to be had depending on the amount you’re looking to trade, and how often, while Coinbase Pro, formerly known as GDAX, is considered one of the cheapest exchanges if you’re looking to buy crypto with fiat currency.</p>
<p>The best advice for traders who are confused about the different prices offered by different exchanges is to first clarify for yourself what kind of trader you’re going to be and look for an exchange that will cater to your needs.</p>
<p> </p>क्रिप्टो करेंसी क्या है ? यह कैसे कार्य करती है ? इसके फायदे और नुकसान क्या हैं ?2021-07-03T12:13:51+05:302021-07-03T12:13:51+05:30https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/tech/general-news/1020-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82Sandybooksandybook.in@gmail.com<p> </p>
<p>देश-दुनिया के किसी भी व्यक्ति, संस्था तथा देश को अपनी मूलभूत आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति के लिए और आपसी लेनदेन को बढ़ावा देने के लिए एक मुद्रा (करेंसी) की जरूरत होती है ताकि उसका उपयोग वह सुचारू रूप से कर सके। इसलिए, प्रत्येक देश की अपनी अलग-अलग मुद्रा होती है, जैसे-भारत में रुपया, अमेरिका में डॉलर आदि। दरअसल, यह भौतिक करेंसी होती हैं जिसे आप देख सकते हैं, छू सकते हैं और नियमानुसार किसी भी स्थान या देश में इसका इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं। लेकिन क्रिप्टो करेंसी इससे अलग होती है जो एक डिजिटल करेंसी है। इसे आप न तो देख सकते हैं, न छू सकते हैं, क्योंकि भौतिक रूप में क्रिप्टो करेंसी का मुद्रण नहीं किया जाता। इसलिए इसे आभासी मुद्रा कहा जाता है। यह पिछले कुछ सालों में ऐसी करेंसी काफी प्रचलित हुई है।</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>आखिर क्या है क्रिप्टो करेंसी?</strong></p>
<p>क्रिप्टो करेंसी एक ऐसी मुद्रा है जो कंप्यूटर एल्गोरिथ्म पर बनी होती है। यह एक स्वतंत्र मुद्रा है जिसका कोई मालिक नहीं होता। यह करेंसी किसी भी एक अथॉरिटी के काबू में भी नहीं होती। अमूमन रुपया, डॉलर, यूरो या अन्य मुद्राओं की तरह ही इस मुद्रा का संचालन किसी राज्य, देश, संस्था या सरकार द्वारा नहीं किया जाता। यह एक डिजिटल करेंसी होती है जिसके लिए क्रिप्टोग्राफी का प्रयोग किया जाता है। आमतौर पर इसका प्रयोग किसी सामान की खरीदारी या कोई सर्विस खरीदने के लिए किया जा सकता है।</p>
<p>आपको पता होना चाहिए कि सर्वप्रथम क्रिप्टो करेंसी की शुरुआत 2009 में हुई थी जो “बिटकॉइन” थी। इसको जापान के सतोषी नाकमोतो नाम के एक इंजीनियर ने बनाया था। प्रारम्भ में यह उतनी प्रचलित नहीं थी, किन्तु धीरे-धीरे इसके रेट आसमान छूने लगे, जिससे यह सफल हो गई। देखा जाए तो 2009 से लेकर वर्तमान समय तक लगभग 1000 प्रकार की क्रिप्टो करेंसी बाजार में मौजूद हैं, जो पियर टू पियर इलेक्ट्रॉनिक सिस्टम के रूप में कार्य करती है।</p>
<p>बिटकॉइन के अतिरिक्त अन्य बहुप्रचलित करेंसी कौन-कौन सी हैं?</p>
<p>बिटकॉइन के अलावा भी अन्य क्रिप्टो करेंसी बाजार में उपलब्ध हैं जिनका प्रयोग आजकल अधिक हो रहा है, जैसे- रेड कॉइन, सिया कॉइन, सिस्कोइन, वॉइस कॉइन और मोनरो। आइए, अब इनके बारे में कुछ अहम बातें जानते हैं:-</p>
<p>1. रेड कॉइन:- बिटकॉइन के अलावा भी अन्य कई क्रिप्टो करेंसी हैं जिनका उपयोग विशेष अवसरों पर किया जा सकता है जिसमें से एक है “रेड कॉइन”। इसका उपयोग लोगों को टिप देने के लिए किया जाता है।</p>
<p>2. सिया कॉइन:- सिया कॉइन को एस सी से अंकित किया जाता है। यह कॉइन अच्छी ग्रोथ कर रही है। इस कॉइन की कीमत और भी अधिक बढ़ सकती है।</p>
<p>3. एसवाईएस कॉइन (सिस्कोइन):- यह क्रांतिकारी क्रिप्टो करेंसी है जो जीरो लागत के वित्तीय लेनदेन और अविश्वसनीय गति के साथ प्रदान करता है। व्यापार संपत्ति डिजिटल प्रमाणपत्र डाटा को सुरक्षित रूप से व्यापार करने के लिए बुनियादी ढांचे को व्यवसाय प्रदान करता है। सिस्कोइन ब्लॉकचेन पर कार्य करता है जो बिटकॉइन का ही एक हिस्सा है।</p>
<p>4. वॉइस कॉइन:- यह उभरते हुये संगीतकारों के लिए तैयार किया गया एक ऐसा मंच है जहां गायक अपने संगीत का स्वयं मूल्य निर्धारण कर सकते हैं। वे मुफ्त में संगीत का सैंपल ट्रैक प्रदान कर सकते हैं। साथ ही, मंच पर संगीत उत्साही और उपयोगकर्ताओं से समर्थन भी प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। इस मंच का मुख्य उद्देश्य स्वतंत्र कलाकारों का मुद्रीकरण करना है।</p>
<p>5. मोनेरो:- यह भी एक प्रकार की क्रिप्टो करेंसी है जिसमें विशेष प्रकार की सिक्योरिटी का उपयोग किया जाता है। इसे रिंग सिग्नेचर नाम से जाना जाता है। इसका उपयोग डार्क वेब और ब्लॉक मार्केट में बहुत अधिक होता है। इसकी सहायता से स्मगलिंग की जाती है। इस करेंसी से कालाबाजारी आसानी से की जा सकती है।</p>
<p>क्रिप्टो करेंसी की ग्रोथ कैसी है?</p>
<p>यदि हम क्रिप्टो करेंसी की ग्रोथ के बारे में बात करें तो इसमें इन्वेस्टमेंट करना काफी फायदे का सौदा होता है। आज मार्केट में लगभग 1000 प्रकार की क्रिप्टो करेंसी मौजूद है और इन सभी कॉइन्स की कीमत लॉन्चिंग के समय ना के बराबर थी। हालांकि कुछ ही सालों में इनकी कीमत 1000 डॉलर तक भी पहुंच गई है। अब आप बिटकॉइन को ही ले लीजिए। जब बिटकॉइन लांच हुआ था तब दुनिया भर में रोजाना 1 करोड़ डॉलर की ट्रांजैक्शन होती थी लेकिन आज के समय में बिटकॉइन की 1 हफ्ते में 1 ट्रिलियन डॉलर की ट्रांजैक्शन की जा रही है जबकि पूरी दुनिया में फिजिकल करेंसी की हफ्ते भर की ट्रांजैक्शन लगभग 70 ट्रिलियन डॉलर की हो जाती है। 1 डॉलर की कीमत से शुरू हुआ बिटकॉइन आज 1200 डॉलर की कीमत तक पहुंच चुका है। अतः आप खुद ही अनुमान लगा सकते हैं कि क्रिप्टो करेंसी की भविष्य में क्या ग्रोथ हो सकती है।</p>
<p><strong>क्रिप्टो करेंसी से क्या-क्या लाभ हैं?</strong></p>
<p>हमें पता है कि किसी भी वस्तु के फायदे और नुकसान दोनों ही होते हैं। इसलिए हम यहां सबसे पहले क्रिप्टो करेंसी के लाभ के बारे में बताते हैं। फिर भी, आमतौर पर हम कह सकते हैं कि क्रिप्टो करेंसी के लाभ अधिक हैं और घाटा कम। पहला, क्रिप्टो करेंसी एक डिजिटल करेंसी है जिसमें धोखाधड़ी की उम्मीद बहुत कम होती है। दूसरा, अधिक पैसा होने पर क्रिप्टो करेंसी में निवेश करना फायदेमंद है क्योंकि इसकी कीमतों में बहुत तेजी से उछाल आता है। लिहाजा, निवेश के लिए यह एक अच्छा प्लेटफॉर्म है। तीसरा, अधिकतर क्रिप्टो करेंसी के वॉलेट उपलब्ध हैं जिसके चलते ऑनलाइन खरीदारी, पैसे का लेन-देन सरल हो चुका है। चौथा, क्रिप्टो करेंसी को कोई अथॉरिटी कंट्रोल नहीं करती जिसके चलते नोटबंदी और करेंसी का मूल्य घटने जैसा खतरा किसी के सामने नहीं आता। पांचवां, कई देश ऐसे हैं जहां कैपिटल कंट्रोल नहीं है। मतलब कि यह बात तय ही नहीं है कि देश से बाहर कितना पैसा भेजा जा सकता है और कितना मंगवाया जा सकता है। लिहाजा, क्रिप्टो करेंसी खरीद कर उसे देश के बाहर आसानी से भेजी जा सकती है और फिर उसे पैसे में रूपांतरित किया जा सकता है। छठा, क्रिप्टो करेंसी का सबसे बड़ा फायदा उन लोगों को होता है जो अपना धन छुपाकर रखना चाहते हैं। इसलिए क्रिप्टो करेंसी पैसे छुपाकर रखने का सबसे अच्छा प्लेटफॉर्म बनकर उभरा है। सातवां, क्रिप्टो करेंसी पूरी तरह से सुरक्षित है। बस आपको उसके लिए ऑथेंटिकेशन रखने की आवश्यकता होती है, क्योंकि ऐसी करेंसी ब्लॉकचेन पर आधारित है। लिहाजा, किसी भी प्रकार का ट्रांजैक्शन करने के लिए पूरे ब्लॉकचेन को माइन करना पड़ता है।</p>
<p><strong>क्रिप्टो करेंसी के नुकसान क्या-क्या हैं?</strong></p>
<p>पहला, क्रिप्टो करेंसी का सबसे बड़ा नुकसान तो यही है कि इसका कोई भौतिक अस्तित्व नहीं है, क्योंकि इसका मुद्रण नहीं किया जा सकता। मतलब कि ना तो इस करेंसी के नोट छापे जा सकते हैं और न ही कोई बैंक अकाउंट या पासबुक जारी की जा सकती है। दूसरा, इसको कंट्रोल करने के लिए कोई देश, सरकार या संस्था नहीं है जिससे इसकी कीमत में कभी बहुत अधिक उछाल देखने को मिलता है तो कभी बहुत ज्यादा गिरावट, जिसकी वजह से क्रिप्टो करेंसी में निवेश करना जोखिम भरा सौदा है। तीसरा, इसका उपयोग गलत कामों के लिए जैसे हथियार की खरीद-फरोख्त, ड्रग्स सप्लाई, कालाबाजारी आदि में आसानी से किया जा सकता है, क्योंकि इसका इस्तेमाल दो लोगों के बीच ही किया जाता है। लिहाजा, यह काफी खतरनाक भी हो सकता है। चौथा, इसको हैक करने का भी खतरा बना रहता है। यह बात दीगर है कि ब्लॉकचेन को हैक करना उतना आसान नहीं है क्योंकि इसमें सुरक्षा के पूरे इंतजाम होते हैं। बावजूद इसके, इस करेंसी का कोई मालिक न होने के कारण हैकिंग होने से मना भी नहीं किया जा सकता है। पांचवां, इसका एक और नुकसान यह है कि यदि कोई ट्रांजैक्शन आपसे गलती से हो गया तो आप उसे वापस नहीं मंगा सकते हैं जिससे आपको घाटा होता है।</p>
<p><strong>क्या क्रिप्टो करेंसी का उपयोग कानूनन वैध है या अवैध?</strong></p>
<p>बहुत से लोगों के मन में यह सवाल आता है कि क्रिप्टो करेंसी का उपयोग करना कानूनी रूप से सही है अथवा नहीं! दरअसल, यह फैसला आपकी इस बात पर निर्भर करता है कि आप किस देश में रहकर इसका उपयोग कर रहे हैं, क्योंकि कुछ देशों में अभी भी क्रिप्टो करेंसी को कानूनी मान्यता नहीं मिली है जिसमें भारत भी एक है। यही नहीं, कुछ देशों ने इसे 'ग्रे जोन' में रखा है। कहने का तातपर्य यह कि वहां ना तो इसे औपचारिक तौर पर बैन किया गया है और ना ही इसके प्रयोग की मान्यता दी गई है। निर्विवाद रूप से क्रिप्टो करेंसी में अच्छी ग्रोथ के चलते भारतीय नागरिकों का रुझान भी इसकी तरफ देखने को मिल रहा है। इसलिए उम्मीद की जाती है कि भारत सरकार भी भविष्य में कोई सकारात्मक पहल करेगी।</p><p> </p>
<p>देश-दुनिया के किसी भी व्यक्ति, संस्था तथा देश को अपनी मूलभूत आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति के लिए और आपसी लेनदेन को बढ़ावा देने के लिए एक मुद्रा (करेंसी) की जरूरत होती है ताकि उसका उपयोग वह सुचारू रूप से कर सके। इसलिए, प्रत्येक देश की अपनी अलग-अलग मुद्रा होती है, जैसे-भारत में रुपया, अमेरिका में डॉलर आदि। दरअसल, यह भौतिक करेंसी होती हैं जिसे आप देख सकते हैं, छू सकते हैं और नियमानुसार किसी भी स्थान या देश में इसका इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं। लेकिन क्रिप्टो करेंसी इससे अलग होती है जो एक डिजिटल करेंसी है। इसे आप न तो देख सकते हैं, न छू सकते हैं, क्योंकि भौतिक रूप में क्रिप्टो करेंसी का मुद्रण नहीं किया जाता। इसलिए इसे आभासी मुद्रा कहा जाता है। यह पिछले कुछ सालों में ऐसी करेंसी काफी प्रचलित हुई है।</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>आखिर क्या है क्रिप्टो करेंसी?</strong></p>
<p>क्रिप्टो करेंसी एक ऐसी मुद्रा है जो कंप्यूटर एल्गोरिथ्म पर बनी होती है। यह एक स्वतंत्र मुद्रा है जिसका कोई मालिक नहीं होता। यह करेंसी किसी भी एक अथॉरिटी के काबू में भी नहीं होती। अमूमन रुपया, डॉलर, यूरो या अन्य मुद्राओं की तरह ही इस मुद्रा का संचालन किसी राज्य, देश, संस्था या सरकार द्वारा नहीं किया जाता। यह एक डिजिटल करेंसी होती है जिसके लिए क्रिप्टोग्राफी का प्रयोग किया जाता है। आमतौर पर इसका प्रयोग किसी सामान की खरीदारी या कोई सर्विस खरीदने के लिए किया जा सकता है।</p>
<p>आपको पता होना चाहिए कि सर्वप्रथम क्रिप्टो करेंसी की शुरुआत 2009 में हुई थी जो “बिटकॉइन” थी। इसको जापान के सतोषी नाकमोतो नाम के एक इंजीनियर ने बनाया था। प्रारम्भ में यह उतनी प्रचलित नहीं थी, किन्तु धीरे-धीरे इसके रेट आसमान छूने लगे, जिससे यह सफल हो गई। देखा जाए तो 2009 से लेकर वर्तमान समय तक लगभग 1000 प्रकार की क्रिप्टो करेंसी बाजार में मौजूद हैं, जो पियर टू पियर इलेक्ट्रॉनिक सिस्टम के रूप में कार्य करती है।</p>
<p>बिटकॉइन के अतिरिक्त अन्य बहुप्रचलित करेंसी कौन-कौन सी हैं?</p>
<p>बिटकॉइन के अलावा भी अन्य क्रिप्टो करेंसी बाजार में उपलब्ध हैं जिनका प्रयोग आजकल अधिक हो रहा है, जैसे- रेड कॉइन, सिया कॉइन, सिस्कोइन, वॉइस कॉइन और मोनरो। आइए, अब इनके बारे में कुछ अहम बातें जानते हैं:-</p>
<p>1. रेड कॉइन:- बिटकॉइन के अलावा भी अन्य कई क्रिप्टो करेंसी हैं जिनका उपयोग विशेष अवसरों पर किया जा सकता है जिसमें से एक है “रेड कॉइन”। इसका उपयोग लोगों को टिप देने के लिए किया जाता है।</p>
<p>2. सिया कॉइन:- सिया कॉइन को एस सी से अंकित किया जाता है। यह कॉइन अच्छी ग्रोथ कर रही है। इस कॉइन की कीमत और भी अधिक बढ़ सकती है।</p>
<p>3. एसवाईएस कॉइन (सिस्कोइन):- यह क्रांतिकारी क्रिप्टो करेंसी है जो जीरो लागत के वित्तीय लेनदेन और अविश्वसनीय गति के साथ प्रदान करता है। व्यापार संपत्ति डिजिटल प्रमाणपत्र डाटा को सुरक्षित रूप से व्यापार करने के लिए बुनियादी ढांचे को व्यवसाय प्रदान करता है। सिस्कोइन ब्लॉकचेन पर कार्य करता है जो बिटकॉइन का ही एक हिस्सा है।</p>
<p>4. वॉइस कॉइन:- यह उभरते हुये संगीतकारों के लिए तैयार किया गया एक ऐसा मंच है जहां गायक अपने संगीत का स्वयं मूल्य निर्धारण कर सकते हैं। वे मुफ्त में संगीत का सैंपल ट्रैक प्रदान कर सकते हैं। साथ ही, मंच पर संगीत उत्साही और उपयोगकर्ताओं से समर्थन भी प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। इस मंच का मुख्य उद्देश्य स्वतंत्र कलाकारों का मुद्रीकरण करना है।</p>
<p>5. मोनेरो:- यह भी एक प्रकार की क्रिप्टो करेंसी है जिसमें विशेष प्रकार की सिक्योरिटी का उपयोग किया जाता है। इसे रिंग सिग्नेचर नाम से जाना जाता है। इसका उपयोग डार्क वेब और ब्लॉक मार्केट में बहुत अधिक होता है। इसकी सहायता से स्मगलिंग की जाती है। इस करेंसी से कालाबाजारी आसानी से की जा सकती है।</p>
<p>क्रिप्टो करेंसी की ग्रोथ कैसी है?</p>
<p>यदि हम क्रिप्टो करेंसी की ग्रोथ के बारे में बात करें तो इसमें इन्वेस्टमेंट करना काफी फायदे का सौदा होता है। आज मार्केट में लगभग 1000 प्रकार की क्रिप्टो करेंसी मौजूद है और इन सभी कॉइन्स की कीमत लॉन्चिंग के समय ना के बराबर थी। हालांकि कुछ ही सालों में इनकी कीमत 1000 डॉलर तक भी पहुंच गई है। अब आप बिटकॉइन को ही ले लीजिए। जब बिटकॉइन लांच हुआ था तब दुनिया भर में रोजाना 1 करोड़ डॉलर की ट्रांजैक्शन होती थी लेकिन आज के समय में बिटकॉइन की 1 हफ्ते में 1 ट्रिलियन डॉलर की ट्रांजैक्शन की जा रही है जबकि पूरी दुनिया में फिजिकल करेंसी की हफ्ते भर की ट्रांजैक्शन लगभग 70 ट्रिलियन डॉलर की हो जाती है। 1 डॉलर की कीमत से शुरू हुआ बिटकॉइन आज 1200 डॉलर की कीमत तक पहुंच चुका है। अतः आप खुद ही अनुमान लगा सकते हैं कि क्रिप्टो करेंसी की भविष्य में क्या ग्रोथ हो सकती है।</p>
<p><strong>क्रिप्टो करेंसी से क्या-क्या लाभ हैं?</strong></p>
<p>हमें पता है कि किसी भी वस्तु के फायदे और नुकसान दोनों ही होते हैं। इसलिए हम यहां सबसे पहले क्रिप्टो करेंसी के लाभ के बारे में बताते हैं। फिर भी, आमतौर पर हम कह सकते हैं कि क्रिप्टो करेंसी के लाभ अधिक हैं और घाटा कम। पहला, क्रिप्टो करेंसी एक डिजिटल करेंसी है जिसमें धोखाधड़ी की उम्मीद बहुत कम होती है। दूसरा, अधिक पैसा होने पर क्रिप्टो करेंसी में निवेश करना फायदेमंद है क्योंकि इसकी कीमतों में बहुत तेजी से उछाल आता है। लिहाजा, निवेश के लिए यह एक अच्छा प्लेटफॉर्म है। तीसरा, अधिकतर क्रिप्टो करेंसी के वॉलेट उपलब्ध हैं जिसके चलते ऑनलाइन खरीदारी, पैसे का लेन-देन सरल हो चुका है। चौथा, क्रिप्टो करेंसी को कोई अथॉरिटी कंट्रोल नहीं करती जिसके चलते नोटबंदी और करेंसी का मूल्य घटने जैसा खतरा किसी के सामने नहीं आता। पांचवां, कई देश ऐसे हैं जहां कैपिटल कंट्रोल नहीं है। मतलब कि यह बात तय ही नहीं है कि देश से बाहर कितना पैसा भेजा जा सकता है और कितना मंगवाया जा सकता है। लिहाजा, क्रिप्टो करेंसी खरीद कर उसे देश के बाहर आसानी से भेजी जा सकती है और फिर उसे पैसे में रूपांतरित किया जा सकता है। छठा, क्रिप्टो करेंसी का सबसे बड़ा फायदा उन लोगों को होता है जो अपना धन छुपाकर रखना चाहते हैं। इसलिए क्रिप्टो करेंसी पैसे छुपाकर रखने का सबसे अच्छा प्लेटफॉर्म बनकर उभरा है। सातवां, क्रिप्टो करेंसी पूरी तरह से सुरक्षित है। बस आपको उसके लिए ऑथेंटिकेशन रखने की आवश्यकता होती है, क्योंकि ऐसी करेंसी ब्लॉकचेन पर आधारित है। लिहाजा, किसी भी प्रकार का ट्रांजैक्शन करने के लिए पूरे ब्लॉकचेन को माइन करना पड़ता है।</p>
<p><strong>क्रिप्टो करेंसी के नुकसान क्या-क्या हैं?</strong></p>
<p>पहला, क्रिप्टो करेंसी का सबसे बड़ा नुकसान तो यही है कि इसका कोई भौतिक अस्तित्व नहीं है, क्योंकि इसका मुद्रण नहीं किया जा सकता। मतलब कि ना तो इस करेंसी के नोट छापे जा सकते हैं और न ही कोई बैंक अकाउंट या पासबुक जारी की जा सकती है। दूसरा, इसको कंट्रोल करने के लिए कोई देश, सरकार या संस्था नहीं है जिससे इसकी कीमत में कभी बहुत अधिक उछाल देखने को मिलता है तो कभी बहुत ज्यादा गिरावट, जिसकी वजह से क्रिप्टो करेंसी में निवेश करना जोखिम भरा सौदा है। तीसरा, इसका उपयोग गलत कामों के लिए जैसे हथियार की खरीद-फरोख्त, ड्रग्स सप्लाई, कालाबाजारी आदि में आसानी से किया जा सकता है, क्योंकि इसका इस्तेमाल दो लोगों के बीच ही किया जाता है। लिहाजा, यह काफी खतरनाक भी हो सकता है। चौथा, इसको हैक करने का भी खतरा बना रहता है। यह बात दीगर है कि ब्लॉकचेन को हैक करना उतना आसान नहीं है क्योंकि इसमें सुरक्षा के पूरे इंतजाम होते हैं। बावजूद इसके, इस करेंसी का कोई मालिक न होने के कारण हैकिंग होने से मना भी नहीं किया जा सकता है। पांचवां, इसका एक और नुकसान यह है कि यदि कोई ट्रांजैक्शन आपसे गलती से हो गया तो आप उसे वापस नहीं मंगा सकते हैं जिससे आपको घाटा होता है।</p>
<p><strong>क्या क्रिप्टो करेंसी का उपयोग कानूनन वैध है या अवैध?</strong></p>
<p>बहुत से लोगों के मन में यह सवाल आता है कि क्रिप्टो करेंसी का उपयोग करना कानूनी रूप से सही है अथवा नहीं! दरअसल, यह फैसला आपकी इस बात पर निर्भर करता है कि आप किस देश में रहकर इसका उपयोग कर रहे हैं, क्योंकि कुछ देशों में अभी भी क्रिप्टो करेंसी को कानूनी मान्यता नहीं मिली है जिसमें भारत भी एक है। यही नहीं, कुछ देशों ने इसे 'ग्रे जोन' में रखा है। कहने का तातपर्य यह कि वहां ना तो इसे औपचारिक तौर पर बैन किया गया है और ना ही इसके प्रयोग की मान्यता दी गई है। निर्विवाद रूप से क्रिप्टो करेंसी में अच्छी ग्रोथ के चलते भारतीय नागरिकों का रुझान भी इसकी तरफ देखने को मिल रहा है। इसलिए उम्मीद की जाती है कि भारत सरकार भी भविष्य में कोई सकारात्मक पहल करेगी।</p>Android mobile me achha network ke liye android me kya hona jaruri hai2020-12-23T13:54:49+05:302020-12-23T13:54:49+05:30https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/tech/general-news/1012-android-mobile-me-achha-network-ke-liye-android-me-kya-hona-jaruri-haiSandybooksandybook.in@gmail.com<h1>
मोबाइल में नेटवर्क नहीं आ रहा है अपनाए यह तरीका
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क्या आपके मोबाइल में नेटवर्क नहीं आ रहा है और आप भी कमजोर सिग्नल से परेशान है तो आज हम आपको मोबाइल नेटवर्क सिग्नल कैसे बढ़ाये इसके बारे में बताने जा रहे है इसके साथ कुछ ऐसे तरीके बताएँगे जिनसे काफी हद तक टावर की समस्या को हल किया जा सकता है. इससे पहले आपको बता दे कि एंड्राइड दुनिया का सबसे ज्यादा यूज़ किये जाने वाला ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम बन गया है और इसकी मुख्य वजह इसमें मिलने वाले फीचर है. इसमें आपको कम कीमत में काफी अच्छे फीचर वाले स्मार्टफोन मिल जाते हैं लेकिन एक तरफ जहां एंड्राइड फोन के कई फायदे हैं वहीं इसमें कुछ परेशानियां भी है जैसे मोबाइल देर से चार्ज होना, मोबाइल का गर्म हो जाना और किसी स्थान पर नेटवर्क नहीं मिलना आदि. स्मार्टफोन में नो सिग्नल और खराब सिग्नल की समस्या हर दूसरे यूजर को है. कम टावर मिलने से कॉल ड्रॉप, इन्टरनेट स्पीड का स्लो होना, खराब वॉयस क्वालिटी आदि का सामना करना पड़ता है. एक तरफ जहां स्मार्टफोन दैनिक जीवन का अहम हिस्सा बन गए हैं वहीं दूसरी तरफ टावर के कमजोर सिग्नल लोगो को कहीं न कहीं परेशान करके रख देते हैं. ऐसे में हम इससे जुड़े कुछ उपाय बताने जा रहे हैं जो आपके काम आ सकते हैं.
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<strong>1. मोबाइल कवर को रिमूव करे</strong>
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अगर आप अपने स्मार्टफोन में कवर का इस्तेमाल करते हैं तो आपको कमजोर सिग्नल की परेशानी का सामना करना पड़ सकता है. कुछ यूजर मोटा कवर यूज़ करते हैं ऐसे में मोटा कवर नेटवर्क को कमजोर करने का काम करता है. यदि आप भी वीक सिग्नल से परेशान है तो एक बार कवर को रिमूव करके जरुर देखे. इसके अलावा मोबाइल को कुछ इस तरह से पकड़े जिससे फोन के एंटीना बैंड्स ब्लॉक न हो.
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<strong>2. बैटरी को चार्ज करके रखे</strong>
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लगभग सभी मोबाइल को कुछ इस तरह से बनाया गया है कि जब भी बैटरी लो होती है तो फोन का बैटरी सेवर ऑप्शन अपने आप ऑन हो जाता है. कम बैटरी पॉवर में मोबाइल को सिग्नल सर्च करने में परेशानी आती है. इसलिए आपको हो सके तो अपने फोन को लगभग 80 प्रतिशत चार्ज करके रखना चाहिए. अगर फोन को चार्ज करने में असमर्थ है तो फोन के बैकग्राउंड में चल रहे एप और WiFi ब्लूटूथ आदि को ऑफ कर दे.
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<strong>3. बैटरी और सिम कार्ड रिमूव करे</strong>
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अगर टावर नहीं आ रहा है तो सबसे पहले अपने मोबाइल को स्विच ऑफ करे इसे बाद बैटरी और सिम कार्ड निकाल दे इसके बाद 5 मिनिट तक इन्तजार करना है पांच मिनिट के बाद अपने मोबाइल में सिम कार्ड और बैटरी लगाये और मोबाइल ऑन कर दे. इससे काफी हद तक सिग्नल की समस्या सोल्व हो जाएगी.
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<strong>4. नेटवर्क सेटिंग चेंज करे</strong>
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कई जगहों पर 4G टावर नहीं मिलते हैं ऐसी स्थिति में आपको नेटवर्क सेटिंग बदलकर उसे 2G या 3G पर स्विच करना चाहिए. अगर आप एंड्राइड का इस्तेमाल करते है तो आपको सेटिंग में जाना है यहाँ आपको कनेक्शन में Mobile Network का ऑप्शन मिलेगा इस पर क्लिक करके आप नेटवर्क को 2G या 3G में चेंज कर सकते हैं. यदि आप iPhone का यूज़ कर रहे हैं तो आपको इसकी सेटिंग में जाने के बाद Cellular का ऑप्शन मिलेगा इस पर क्लिक करे. इसके बाद Cellular Data Option क्लिक करे यहां इनेबल 4G को डिसेबल कर दे.
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<strong>5. मोबाइल फोन को अपडेट करे</strong>
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अब आप जानना चाहते होंगे कि मोबाइल अपडेट करने से नेटवर्क में क्या फर्क पड़ेगा तो आपको बता दे कि फोन निर्माता कंपनी और गूगल समय समय पर अपडेट जारी करते है इन अपडेट में बग्स और दूसरी समस्या का समाधान किया जाता है. अगर आप अपने फोन को अपडेट कर लेते है तो आपका मोबाइल पहले की तुलना में अच्छा काम करने लगता है. इसलिए जब भी कोई अपडेट आये तो मोबाइल को तुरंत अपडेट कर लेना चाहिए. इससे वीक नेटवर्क की समस्या भी हल हो जाती है.
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<strong>6. फोन को फैक्टरी रिसेट करे</strong>
</p>
<p>
कई बार फोन को चलाते समय उसमें कई ऐसी सेटिंग हो जाती है जिनका हमें पता भी नहीं होता है ऐसी स्थिति में जब हम फोन को फैक्टरी रिसेट कर लेते है तो उसकी सारी सेटिंग डिफ़ॉल्ट में सेट हो जाती है. इसके साथ ही मोबाइल नया जैसा काम करने लगता है. अगर आपके फोन में टावर नहीं आ रहा है तो आपको एक बार अपने फोन को रिसेट जरुर करना चाहिए. इसके लिए आपको सबसे पहले सेटिंग में जाना है यहाँ आपको बैकअप एंड रिसेट का ऑप्शन मिलेगा इस पर क्लिक करे. अब फैक्टरी डाटा रिसेट पर क्लिक करे. आपके फोन को रिसेट होने में कुछ मिनिट का समय लग सकता है इसलिए हो सके तो फोन को 50 प्रतिशत से ज्यादा चार्ज रखे. इस तरीके से भी नेटवर्क संबंधित समस्या को दूर किया जा सकता है.
</p>
<p>
तो अब आप जान गए होंगे कि मोबाइल में नेटवर्क नहीं आ रहा है तो क्या करे यहाँ हमने आपको कुछ टिप्स और ट्रिक्स बताये है जिनकी मदद से आप सिग्नल न मिलने की समस्या को सोल्व कर सकते हैं. उम्मीद है आपको सबकुछ समझ में आ गया होगा. अगर आपके एरिया में मोबाइल को कम टावर मिलते है तो आपको इन तरीको को जरुर आजमाकर देखना चाहिए. हालाकि टावर में कोई समस्या है तो आप उसे हल नहीं कर सकते है लेकिन अगर आपके मोबाइल में कोई प्रॉब्लम है तो इसे आप ठीक कर सकते हैं.
</p>
<h1>
मोबाइल में नेटवर्क नहीं आ रहा है अपनाए यह तरीका
</h1>
<p>
</p>
<p>
क्या आपके मोबाइल में नेटवर्क नहीं आ रहा है और आप भी कमजोर सिग्नल से परेशान है तो आज हम आपको मोबाइल नेटवर्क सिग्नल कैसे बढ़ाये इसके बारे में बताने जा रहे है इसके साथ कुछ ऐसे तरीके बताएँगे जिनसे काफी हद तक टावर की समस्या को हल किया जा सकता है. इससे पहले आपको बता दे कि एंड्राइड दुनिया का सबसे ज्यादा यूज़ किये जाने वाला ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम बन गया है और इसकी मुख्य वजह इसमें मिलने वाले फीचर है. इसमें आपको कम कीमत में काफी अच्छे फीचर वाले स्मार्टफोन मिल जाते हैं लेकिन एक तरफ जहां एंड्राइड फोन के कई फायदे हैं वहीं इसमें कुछ परेशानियां भी है जैसे मोबाइल देर से चार्ज होना, मोबाइल का गर्म हो जाना और किसी स्थान पर नेटवर्क नहीं मिलना आदि. स्मार्टफोन में नो सिग्नल और खराब सिग्नल की समस्या हर दूसरे यूजर को है. कम टावर मिलने से कॉल ड्रॉप, इन्टरनेट स्पीड का स्लो होना, खराब वॉयस क्वालिटी आदि का सामना करना पड़ता है. एक तरफ जहां स्मार्टफोन दैनिक जीवन का अहम हिस्सा बन गए हैं वहीं दूसरी तरफ टावर के कमजोर सिग्नल लोगो को कहीं न कहीं परेशान करके रख देते हैं. ऐसे में हम इससे जुड़े कुछ उपाय बताने जा रहे हैं जो आपके काम आ सकते हैं.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<strong>1. मोबाइल कवर को रिमूव करे</strong>
</p>
<p>
अगर आप अपने स्मार्टफोन में कवर का इस्तेमाल करते हैं तो आपको कमजोर सिग्नल की परेशानी का सामना करना पड़ सकता है. कुछ यूजर मोटा कवर यूज़ करते हैं ऐसे में मोटा कवर नेटवर्क को कमजोर करने का काम करता है. यदि आप भी वीक सिग्नल से परेशान है तो एक बार कवर को रिमूव करके जरुर देखे. इसके अलावा मोबाइल को कुछ इस तरह से पकड़े जिससे फोन के एंटीना बैंड्स ब्लॉक न हो.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<strong>2. बैटरी को चार्ज करके रखे</strong>
</p>
<p>
लगभग सभी मोबाइल को कुछ इस तरह से बनाया गया है कि जब भी बैटरी लो होती है तो फोन का बैटरी सेवर ऑप्शन अपने आप ऑन हो जाता है. कम बैटरी पॉवर में मोबाइल को सिग्नल सर्च करने में परेशानी आती है. इसलिए आपको हो सके तो अपने फोन को लगभग 80 प्रतिशत चार्ज करके रखना चाहिए. अगर फोन को चार्ज करने में असमर्थ है तो फोन के बैकग्राउंड में चल रहे एप और WiFi ब्लूटूथ आदि को ऑफ कर दे.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<strong>3. बैटरी और सिम कार्ड रिमूव करे</strong>
</p>
<p>
अगर टावर नहीं आ रहा है तो सबसे पहले अपने मोबाइल को स्विच ऑफ करे इसे बाद बैटरी और सिम कार्ड निकाल दे इसके बाद 5 मिनिट तक इन्तजार करना है पांच मिनिट के बाद अपने मोबाइल में सिम कार्ड और बैटरी लगाये और मोबाइल ऑन कर दे. इससे काफी हद तक सिग्नल की समस्या सोल्व हो जाएगी.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<strong>4. नेटवर्क सेटिंग चेंज करे</strong>
</p>
<p>
कई जगहों पर 4G टावर नहीं मिलते हैं ऐसी स्थिति में आपको नेटवर्क सेटिंग बदलकर उसे 2G या 3G पर स्विच करना चाहिए. अगर आप एंड्राइड का इस्तेमाल करते है तो आपको सेटिंग में जाना है यहाँ आपको कनेक्शन में Mobile Network का ऑप्शन मिलेगा इस पर क्लिक करके आप नेटवर्क को 2G या 3G में चेंज कर सकते हैं. यदि आप iPhone का यूज़ कर रहे हैं तो आपको इसकी सेटिंग में जाने के बाद Cellular का ऑप्शन मिलेगा इस पर क्लिक करे. इसके बाद Cellular Data Option क्लिक करे यहां इनेबल 4G को डिसेबल कर दे.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<strong>5. मोबाइल फोन को अपडेट करे</strong>
</p>
<p>
अब आप जानना चाहते होंगे कि मोबाइल अपडेट करने से नेटवर्क में क्या फर्क पड़ेगा तो आपको बता दे कि फोन निर्माता कंपनी और गूगल समय समय पर अपडेट जारी करते है इन अपडेट में बग्स और दूसरी समस्या का समाधान किया जाता है. अगर आप अपने फोन को अपडेट कर लेते है तो आपका मोबाइल पहले की तुलना में अच्छा काम करने लगता है. इसलिए जब भी कोई अपडेट आये तो मोबाइल को तुरंत अपडेट कर लेना चाहिए. इससे वीक नेटवर्क की समस्या भी हल हो जाती है.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<strong>6. फोन को फैक्टरी रिसेट करे</strong>
</p>
<p>
कई बार फोन को चलाते समय उसमें कई ऐसी सेटिंग हो जाती है जिनका हमें पता भी नहीं होता है ऐसी स्थिति में जब हम फोन को फैक्टरी रिसेट कर लेते है तो उसकी सारी सेटिंग डिफ़ॉल्ट में सेट हो जाती है. इसके साथ ही मोबाइल नया जैसा काम करने लगता है. अगर आपके फोन में टावर नहीं आ रहा है तो आपको एक बार अपने फोन को रिसेट जरुर करना चाहिए. इसके लिए आपको सबसे पहले सेटिंग में जाना है यहाँ आपको बैकअप एंड रिसेट का ऑप्शन मिलेगा इस पर क्लिक करे. अब फैक्टरी डाटा रिसेट पर क्लिक करे. आपके फोन को रिसेट होने में कुछ मिनिट का समय लग सकता है इसलिए हो सके तो फोन को 50 प्रतिशत से ज्यादा चार्ज रखे. इस तरीके से भी नेटवर्क संबंधित समस्या को दूर किया जा सकता है.
</p>
<p>
तो अब आप जान गए होंगे कि मोबाइल में नेटवर्क नहीं आ रहा है तो क्या करे यहाँ हमने आपको कुछ टिप्स और ट्रिक्स बताये है जिनकी मदद से आप सिग्नल न मिलने की समस्या को सोल्व कर सकते हैं. उम्मीद है आपको सबकुछ समझ में आ गया होगा. अगर आपके एरिया में मोबाइल को कम टावर मिलते है तो आपको इन तरीको को जरुर आजमाकर देखना चाहिए. हालाकि टावर में कोई समस्या है तो आप उसे हल नहीं कर सकते है लेकिन अगर आपके मोबाइल में कोई प्रॉब्लम है तो इसे आप ठीक कर सकते हैं.
</p>
Global List of top 100 countries by number of Internet users2018-07-19T12:15:25+05:302018-07-19T12:15:25+05:30https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/tech/general-news/964-list-of-top-100-countries-by-number-of-internet-users-global-internet-usersSandybooksandybook.in@gmail.com<p><img src="https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/pics/internet2.jpg" /></p><h1>
List of top 100 countries by number of Internet users
</h1>
<p>
Over the last two decades, the numbers of global Internet users have skyrocketed. If this was a measure of economic performance, then it would be possible for all countries to be said have made significant developments over the same time. In fact, some countries, such as Nigeria and Bangladesh, have seen an increase in internet users as big as 40,000%! Although the use of Internet has been accompanied, in many cases, with developments in ICT and other economic sectors, there are significant populations remaining under the poverty line in countries where Internet use has become widespread.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>Which Country Has the Most Internet Users?</strong></span>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>China</strong><br />
China has the highest number of internet users in the world, with over 746 million users. China has a population of over one billion, and a vast internet network that has been expanded in recent years. Chinese internet users have nearly doubled in numbers over the past decade. The strongest increase has been among mobile internet users, who access the internet on smart phones, which is very popular in China.
</li>
<li>
<strong>India</strong><br />
India has the world's second highest number of internet users, with 391 million users connected. In India, the majority of internet users are found in the urban areas, as there is less access in the rural areas of the country. Like China, the primary link between the population and the internet is mobile smart phones.
</li>
<li>
<strong>United States</strong><br />
There are roughly 245 million internet users in the United States, representing nearly 80% of the entire population. The United States was the birthplace of the internet, and has one of the highest percentages of internet users in the world today. The majority of internet access in the United States is made through broadband internet connections.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Brazil</strong><br />
Internet users in Brazil number 123 million, making the country the world's fourth most connected. Brazil does not only rank highly when it comes to number of internet users - Brazilians are also among the nationalities who spend the most time surfing the internet. One of the reasons behind the popularity of the internet in Brazil is the popularity of social media sites such as Facebook.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Japan</strong><br />
Japan ranks fifth in terms of internet usage, with approximately 117 internet users. Japan was an early adopted of the internet. High speed internet has been available in the country since the early 2000s, and in the 1990s Japan was even the birthplace of the world's first mobile Internet service, called iMode.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>The Future of Global Internet </strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Every year, the amount of people using the internet to share data increases. This is a trend that is only expected to increase. While these increases bring with them increased opportunities for people living in rural or impoverished, experts also worry that with the increased access comes increased concerns about privacy and cybercrimes.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>Why is data so important?</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
At the heart of the internet is data – massive amounts of it. Volumes of data are growing at a rate of 40% per year and will increase 50 times by 2020. A measure of the speed of growth is the estimate from Singapore-based Aureus Analytics that 90% of all data in the world was created in the last two years.
</p>
<p>
As mobile usage goes up, so do personal data volumes. Over half (51%) of all internet users worldwide are in Asia: China has 1.3 billion mobile subscriptions out of a population of 1.36 billion, while India has 0.91 billion mobile subscriptions out of a 1.25 billion population.
</p>
<p>
But the amount of industrial data is growing even faster. Today Gartner estimates there are about 4.9 billion connected devices covering products from cars, homes, appliances and industrial equipment. This will reach 25 billion by 2020, driven by initiatives that introduce smart meters and more efficient street lighting.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<table align="center" border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px;">
<caption>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>List of top 100 countries by number of Internet users</strong></span>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
<span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Rank</strong></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Flag</strong></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Countries</strong></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
<span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Internet Users (in millions)</strong></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
1
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="china" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/china.png" title="china" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
China
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
746,662,194
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
2
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/india.png" title="india" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
India
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
391,292,635
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
3
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="United States" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/United States.png" title="United States" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
United States
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
245,436,423
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
4
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Brazil" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Brazil.png" title="Brazil" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Brazil
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
123,927,230
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
5
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Japan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Japan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Japan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Japan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
117,528,631
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
6
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Russia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Russia.png" title="Russia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Russia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
110,003,284
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
7
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Mexico" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Mexico.png" title="Mexico" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Mexico
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
75,937,568
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
8
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Germany" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Germany.png" title="Germany" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Germany
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
73,436,503
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
9
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Indonesia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Indonesia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Indonesia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Indonesia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
66,244,991
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
10
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Bangladesh" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Bangladesh.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Bangladesh" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Bangladesh
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
62,576,660
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
11
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Philippines" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Philippines.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Philippines" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Philippines
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
57,342,723
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
12
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="France" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/France.png" title="France" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
France
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
55,413,854
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
13
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Nigeria" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Nigeria.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Nigeria" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Nigeria
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
47,743,541
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
14
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="South Korea" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/South Korea.png" title="South Korea" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
South Korea
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
47,094,267
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
15
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Turkey" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Turkey.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Turkey" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Turkey
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
46,395,500
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
16
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="United Kingdom" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/United Kingdom.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="United Kingdom" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
United Kingdom
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
46,391,410
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
17
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Iran" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Iran.png" style="width: 23px; height: 13px;" title="Iran" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Iran
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
42,731,675
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
18
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Egypt" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Egypt.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Egypt" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Egypt
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
37,519,531
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
19
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Spain" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Spain.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Spain" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Spain
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
37,337,607
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
20
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Italy" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Italy.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Italy" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Italy
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
36,442,438
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
21
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Thailand" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Thailand.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Thailand" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Thailand
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
32,710,169
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
22
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Canada" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Canada.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Canada" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Canada
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
32,602,776
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
23
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Argentina" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Argentina.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Argentina" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Argentina
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
30,758,972
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
24
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="South Africa" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/South Africa.png" title="South Africa" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
South Africa
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
30,248,355
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
25
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Pakistan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Pakistan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Pakistan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Pakistan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
29,965,859
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
26
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Vietnam" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Vietnam.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Vietnam" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Vietnam
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
29,964,618
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
27
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Colombia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Colombia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Colombia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Colombia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
28,287,098
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
28
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Poland" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Poland.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Poland" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Poland
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
28,018,492
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
29
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Malaysia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Malaysia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Malaysia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Malaysia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
24,572,446
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
30
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Saudi Arabia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Saudi Arabia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Saudi Arabia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
23,803,319
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
31
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Ukraine" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Ukraine.png" style="height: 15px; text-align: center; width: 23px;" title="Ukraine" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Ukraine
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
23,321,390
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
32
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Australia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Australia.png" style="height: 12px; text-align: center; width: 23px;" title="Australia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Australia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
21,288,648
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
33
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Morocco" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Morocco.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Morocco" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Morocco
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
20,555,783
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
34
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Venezuela" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Venezuela.png" style="height: 15px; text-align: center; width: 23px;" title="Venezuela" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Venezuela
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
18,940,907
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
35
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Taiwan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Taiwan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Taiwan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Taiwan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
18,786,473
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
36
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Algeria" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Algeria.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Algeria" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Algeria
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
17,440,299
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
37
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Ethiopia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Ethiopia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Ethiopia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Ethiopia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
15,739,371
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
38
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Netherlands" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Netherlands.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Netherlands" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Netherlands
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
15,358,245
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
39
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Uzbekistan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Uzbekistan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Uzbekistan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Uzbekistan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
14,713,955
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
40
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Peru" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Peru.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Peru" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Peru
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
14,444,387
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
41
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Kazakhstan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Kazakhstan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Kazakhstan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Kazakhstan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
13,814,581
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
42
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Myanmar" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Myanmar.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Myanmar" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Myanmar
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
13,258,325
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
43
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Kenya" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Kenya.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Kenya" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Kenya
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
12,600,007
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
44
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Chile" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Chile.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Chile" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Chile
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
11,822,229
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
45
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Romania" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Romania.png" title="Romania" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Romania
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
11,767,959
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
46
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Sudan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Sudan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Sudan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Sudan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
11,082,072
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
47
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Belgium" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Belgium.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Belgium" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Belgium
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
9,827,270
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
48
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Ghana" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Ghana.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Ghana" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Ghana
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
9,779,273
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
49
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Uganda" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Uganda.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Uganda" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Uganda
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
9,077,567
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
50
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Sweden" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Sweden.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Sweden" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Sweden
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
9,002,326
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
51
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Ecuador" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Ecuador.png" style="height: 15px; text-align: center; width: 23px;" title="Ecuador" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Ecuador
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
8,857,767
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
52
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/United Arab Emirates.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="United Arab Emirates" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
United Arab Emirates
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
8,398,268
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
53
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Czech Republics" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Czech Republic.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Czech Republics." />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Czech Republic
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
8,115,252
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
54
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Iraq" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Iraq.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Iraq" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Iraq
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,898,106
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
55
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Hungary" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Hungary.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Hungary" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Hungary
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,730,451
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
56
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Greece" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Greece.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Greece" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Greece
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,726,829
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
57
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Azerbaijan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Azerbaijan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Azerbaijan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Azerbaijan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,605,244
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
58
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Switzerland" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Switzerland.png" style="width: 16px; height: 16px;" title="Switzerland" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Switzerland
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,511,995
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
59
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Austria" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Austria.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Austria" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Austria
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,346,074
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
60
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Portugal" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Portugal.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Portugal" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Portugal
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,303,699
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
61
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Tanzania" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Tanzania.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Tanzania" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Tanzania
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,224,386
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
62
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Yemen" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Yemen.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Yemen" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Yemen
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,780,200
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
63
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Belarus" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Belarus.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Belarus" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Belarus
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,741,258
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
64
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Sri Lanka" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Sri Lanka.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Sri Lanka" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Sri Lanka
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,665,916
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
65
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Israel" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Israel.png" style="width: 21px; height: 15px;" title="Israel" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Israel
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,535,440
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
66
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Dominican Republic" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Dominican Republic.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Dominican Republic" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Dominican Republic
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,530,903
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
67
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Hong Kong" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Hong Kong.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Hong Kong" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Hong Kong
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,375,381
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
68
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Ivory Coast" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Ivory Coast.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Ivory Coast" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Ivory Coast
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,286,527
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
69
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Serbia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Serbia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Serbia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Serbia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,914,748
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
70
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Jordan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Jordan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Jordan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Jordan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,890,965
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
71
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Syria" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Syria.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Syria" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Syria
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,873,785
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
72
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Cameroon" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Cameroon.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Cameroon" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Cameroon
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,859,797
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
73
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Tunisia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Tunisia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Tunisia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Tunisia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,801,972
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
74
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Guatemala" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Guatemala.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Guatemala" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Guatemala
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,722,610
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
75
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Nepal" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Nepal.png" style="width: 16px; height: 20px;" title="Nepal" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Nepal
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,706,708
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
76
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Denmark" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Denmark.png" style="width: 20px; height: 15px;" title="Denmark" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Denmark
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,538,800
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
77
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Norway" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Norway.png" style="width: 21px; height: 15px;" title="Norway" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Norway
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,112,817
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
78
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Mozambique" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Mozambique.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Mozambique" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Mozambique
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,050,924
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
79
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Democratic Republic of the Congo.png" style="width: 20px; height: 15px;" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Democratic Republic of the Congo
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,889,515
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
80
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Finland" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Finland.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Finland" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Finland
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,826,246
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
81
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Lebanon" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Lebanon.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Lebanon" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Lebanon<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,571,675
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
82
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Singapore" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Singapore.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Singapore" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Singapore
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,554,189
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
83
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Cuba" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Cuba.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Cuba" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Cuba
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,449,238
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
84
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Slovakia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Slovakia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Slovakia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Slovakia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,381,507
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
85
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Bolivia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Bolivia.png" style="width: 22px; height: 15px;" title="Bolivia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Bolivia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,322,489
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
86
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Bulgaria" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Bulgaria.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Bulgaria" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Bulgaria
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,266,773
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
87
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Zambia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Zambia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Zambia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Zambia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,232,464
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
88
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="New Zealand" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/New Zealand.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="New Zealand" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
New Zealand
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,123,439
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
89
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Cambodia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Cambodia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Cambodia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Cambodia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,030,438
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
90
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Senegal" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Senegal.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Senegal" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Senegal
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,954,620
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
91
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Ireland" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Ireland.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Ireland" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Ireland
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,883,418
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
92
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Angola" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Angola.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Angola" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Angola
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,745,750
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
93
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Zimbabwe" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Zimbabwe.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Zimbabwe" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Zimbabwe
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,733,964
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
94
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Afghanistan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Afghanistan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Afghanistan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Afghanistan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,673,539
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
95
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Paraguay" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Paraguay.png" style="width: 23px; height: 13px;" title="Paraguay" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Paraguay
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,453,445
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
96
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Costa Rica" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Costa Rica.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Costa Rica" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Costa Rica
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,207,258
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
97
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Kuwait" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Kuwait.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Kuwait" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Kuwait
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,176,010
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
98
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Oman" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Oman.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Oman" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Oman
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,089,369
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
99
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Croatia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Croatia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Croatia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Croatia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,063,044
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
100
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Puerto Rico" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Puerto Rico.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Puerto Rico" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Puerto Rico
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
2,946,059
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
</p>
<p><img src="https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/pics/internet2.jpg" /></p><h1>
List of top 100 countries by number of Internet users
</h1>
<p>
Over the last two decades, the numbers of global Internet users have skyrocketed. If this was a measure of economic performance, then it would be possible for all countries to be said have made significant developments over the same time. In fact, some countries, such as Nigeria and Bangladesh, have seen an increase in internet users as big as 40,000%! Although the use of Internet has been accompanied, in many cases, with developments in ICT and other economic sectors, there are significant populations remaining under the poverty line in countries where Internet use has become widespread.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>Which Country Has the Most Internet Users?</strong></span>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>China</strong><br />
China has the highest number of internet users in the world, with over 746 million users. China has a population of over one billion, and a vast internet network that has been expanded in recent years. Chinese internet users have nearly doubled in numbers over the past decade. The strongest increase has been among mobile internet users, who access the internet on smart phones, which is very popular in China.
</li>
<li>
<strong>India</strong><br />
India has the world's second highest number of internet users, with 391 million users connected. In India, the majority of internet users are found in the urban areas, as there is less access in the rural areas of the country. Like China, the primary link between the population and the internet is mobile smart phones.
</li>
<li>
<strong>United States</strong><br />
There are roughly 245 million internet users in the United States, representing nearly 80% of the entire population. The United States was the birthplace of the internet, and has one of the highest percentages of internet users in the world today. The majority of internet access in the United States is made through broadband internet connections.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Brazil</strong><br />
Internet users in Brazil number 123 million, making the country the world's fourth most connected. Brazil does not only rank highly when it comes to number of internet users - Brazilians are also among the nationalities who spend the most time surfing the internet. One of the reasons behind the popularity of the internet in Brazil is the popularity of social media sites such as Facebook.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Japan</strong><br />
Japan ranks fifth in terms of internet usage, with approximately 117 internet users. Japan was an early adopted of the internet. High speed internet has been available in the country since the early 2000s, and in the 1990s Japan was even the birthplace of the world's first mobile Internet service, called iMode.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>The Future of Global Internet </strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Every year, the amount of people using the internet to share data increases. This is a trend that is only expected to increase. While these increases bring with them increased opportunities for people living in rural or impoverished, experts also worry that with the increased access comes increased concerns about privacy and cybercrimes.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>Why is data so important?</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
At the heart of the internet is data – massive amounts of it. Volumes of data are growing at a rate of 40% per year and will increase 50 times by 2020. A measure of the speed of growth is the estimate from Singapore-based Aureus Analytics that 90% of all data in the world was created in the last two years.
</p>
<p>
As mobile usage goes up, so do personal data volumes. Over half (51%) of all internet users worldwide are in Asia: China has 1.3 billion mobile subscriptions out of a population of 1.36 billion, while India has 0.91 billion mobile subscriptions out of a 1.25 billion population.
</p>
<p>
But the amount of industrial data is growing even faster. Today Gartner estimates there are about 4.9 billion connected devices covering products from cars, homes, appliances and industrial equipment. This will reach 25 billion by 2020, driven by initiatives that introduce smart meters and more efficient street lighting.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<table align="center" border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px;">
<caption>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>List of top 100 countries by number of Internet users</strong></span>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
<span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Rank</strong></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Flag</strong></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Countries</strong></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
<span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Internet Users (in millions)</strong></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
1
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="china" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/china.png" title="china" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
China
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
746,662,194
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
2
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/india.png" title="india" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
India
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
391,292,635
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
3
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="United States" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/United States.png" title="United States" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
United States
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
245,436,423
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
4
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Brazil" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Brazil.png" title="Brazil" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Brazil
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
123,927,230
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
5
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Japan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Japan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Japan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Japan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
117,528,631
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
6
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Russia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Russia.png" title="Russia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Russia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
110,003,284
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
7
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Mexico" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Mexico.png" title="Mexico" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Mexico
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
75,937,568
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
8
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Germany" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Germany.png" title="Germany" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Germany
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
73,436,503
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
9
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Indonesia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Indonesia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Indonesia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Indonesia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
66,244,991
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
10
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Bangladesh" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Bangladesh.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Bangladesh" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Bangladesh
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
62,576,660
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
11
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Philippines" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Philippines.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Philippines" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Philippines
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
57,342,723
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
12
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="France" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/France.png" title="France" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
France
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
55,413,854
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
13
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Nigeria" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Nigeria.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Nigeria" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Nigeria
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
47,743,541
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
14
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="South Korea" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/South Korea.png" title="South Korea" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
South Korea
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
47,094,267
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
15
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Turkey" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Turkey.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Turkey" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Turkey
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
46,395,500
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
16
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="United Kingdom" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/United Kingdom.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="United Kingdom" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
United Kingdom
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
46,391,410
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
17
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Iran" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Iran.png" style="width: 23px; height: 13px;" title="Iran" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Iran
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
42,731,675
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
18
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Egypt" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Egypt.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Egypt" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Egypt
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
37,519,531
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
19
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Spain" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Spain.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Spain" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Spain
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
37,337,607
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
20
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Italy" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Italy.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Italy" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Italy
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
36,442,438
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
21
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Thailand" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Thailand.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Thailand" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Thailand
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
32,710,169
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
22
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Canada" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Canada.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Canada" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Canada
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
32,602,776
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
23
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Argentina" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Argentina.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Argentina" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Argentina
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
30,758,972
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
24
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="South Africa" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/South Africa.png" title="South Africa" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
South Africa
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
30,248,355
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
25
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Pakistan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Pakistan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Pakistan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Pakistan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
29,965,859
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
26
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Vietnam" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Vietnam.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Vietnam" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Vietnam
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
29,964,618
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
27
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Colombia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Colombia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Colombia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Colombia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
28,287,098
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
28
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Poland" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Poland.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Poland" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Poland
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
28,018,492
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
29
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Malaysia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Malaysia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Malaysia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Malaysia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
24,572,446
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
30
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Saudi Arabia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Saudi Arabia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Saudi Arabia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
23,803,319
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
31
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Ukraine" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Ukraine.png" style="height: 15px; text-align: center; width: 23px;" title="Ukraine" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Ukraine
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
23,321,390
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
32
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Australia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Australia.png" style="height: 12px; text-align: center; width: 23px;" title="Australia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Australia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
21,288,648
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
33
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Morocco" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Morocco.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Morocco" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Morocco
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
20,555,783
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
34
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Venezuela" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Venezuela.png" style="height: 15px; text-align: center; width: 23px;" title="Venezuela" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Venezuela
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
18,940,907
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
35
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Taiwan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Taiwan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Taiwan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Taiwan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
18,786,473
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
36
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Algeria" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Algeria.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Algeria" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Algeria
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
17,440,299
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
37
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Ethiopia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Ethiopia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Ethiopia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Ethiopia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
15,739,371
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
38
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Netherlands" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Netherlands.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Netherlands" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Netherlands
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
15,358,245
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
39
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Uzbekistan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Uzbekistan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Uzbekistan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Uzbekistan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
14,713,955
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
40
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Peru" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Peru.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Peru" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Peru
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
14,444,387
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
41
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Kazakhstan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Kazakhstan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Kazakhstan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Kazakhstan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
13,814,581
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
42
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Myanmar" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms//images/flag-menu/Myanmar.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Myanmar" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Myanmar
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
13,258,325
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
43
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Kenya" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Kenya.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Kenya" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Kenya
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
12,600,007
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
44
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Chile" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Chile.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Chile" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Chile
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
11,822,229
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
45
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Romania" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Romania.png" title="Romania" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Romania
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
11,767,959
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
46
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Sudan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Sudan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Sudan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Sudan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
11,082,072
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
47
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Belgium" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Belgium.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Belgium" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Belgium
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
9,827,270
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
48
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Ghana" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Ghana.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Ghana" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Ghana
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
9,779,273
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
49
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Uganda" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Uganda.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Uganda" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Uganda
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
9,077,567
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
50
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Sweden" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Sweden.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Sweden" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Sweden
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
9,002,326
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
51
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Ecuador" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Ecuador.png" style="height: 15px; text-align: center; width: 23px;" title="Ecuador" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Ecuador
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
8,857,767
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
52
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/United Arab Emirates.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="United Arab Emirates" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
United Arab Emirates
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
8,398,268
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
53
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Czech Republics" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Czech Republic.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Czech Republics." />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Czech Republic
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
8,115,252
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
54
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Iraq" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Iraq.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Iraq" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Iraq
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,898,106
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
55
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Hungary" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Hungary.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Hungary" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Hungary
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,730,451
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
56
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Greece" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Greece.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Greece" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Greece
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,726,829
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
57
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Azerbaijan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Azerbaijan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Azerbaijan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Azerbaijan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,605,244
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
58
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Switzerland" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Switzerland.png" style="width: 16px; height: 16px;" title="Switzerland" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Switzerland
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,511,995
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
59
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Austria" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Austria.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Austria" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Austria
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,346,074
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
60
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Portugal" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Portugal.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Portugal" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Portugal
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,303,699
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
61
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Tanzania" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Tanzania.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Tanzania" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Tanzania
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
7,224,386
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
62
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Yemen" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Yemen.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Yemen" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Yemen
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,780,200
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
63
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Belarus" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Belarus.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Belarus" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Belarus
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,741,258
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
64
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Sri Lanka" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Sri Lanka.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Sri Lanka" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Sri Lanka
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,665,916
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
65
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Israel" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Israel.png" style="width: 21px; height: 15px;" title="Israel" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Israel
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,535,440
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
66
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Dominican Republic" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Dominican Republic.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Dominican Republic" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Dominican Republic
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,530,903
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
67
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Hong Kong" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Hong Kong.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Hong Kong" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Hong Kong
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,375,381
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
68
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Ivory Coast" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Ivory Coast.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Ivory Coast" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Ivory Coast
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
6,286,527
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
69
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Serbia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Serbia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Serbia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Serbia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,914,748
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
70
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Jordan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Jordan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Jordan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Jordan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,890,965
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
71
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Syria" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Syria.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Syria" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Syria
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,873,785
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
72
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Cameroon" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Cameroon.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Cameroon" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Cameroon
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,859,797
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
73
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Tunisia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Tunisia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Tunisia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Tunisia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,801,972
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
74
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Guatemala" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Guatemala.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Guatemala" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Guatemala
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,722,610
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
75
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Nepal" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Nepal.png" style="width: 16px; height: 20px;" title="Nepal" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Nepal
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,706,708
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
76
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Denmark" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Denmark.png" style="width: 20px; height: 15px;" title="Denmark" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Denmark
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,538,800
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
77
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Norway" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Norway.png" style="width: 21px; height: 15px;" title="Norway" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Norway
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,112,817
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
78
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Mozambique" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Mozambique.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Mozambique" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Mozambique
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
5,050,924
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
79
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Democratic Republic of the Congo.png" style="width: 20px; height: 15px;" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Democratic Republic of the Congo
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,889,515
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
80
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Finland" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Finland.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Finland" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Finland
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,826,246
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
81
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Lebanon" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Lebanon.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Lebanon" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Lebanon<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,571,675
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
82
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Singapore" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Singapore.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Singapore" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Singapore
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,554,189
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
83
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Cuba" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Cuba.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Cuba" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Cuba
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,449,238
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
84
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Slovakia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Slovakia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Slovakia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Slovakia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,381,507
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
85
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Bolivia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Bolivia.png" style="width: 22px; height: 15px;" title="Bolivia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Bolivia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,322,489
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
86
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Bulgaria" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Bulgaria.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Bulgaria" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Bulgaria
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,266,773
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
87
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Zambia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Zambia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Zambia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Zambia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,232,464
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
88
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="New Zealand" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/New Zealand.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="New Zealand" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
New Zealand
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,123,439
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
89
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Cambodia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Cambodia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Cambodia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Cambodia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
4,030,438
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
90
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Senegal" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Senegal.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Senegal" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Senegal
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,954,620
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
91
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Ireland" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Ireland.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Ireland" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Ireland
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,883,418
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
92
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Angola" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Angola.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Angola" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Angola
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,745,750
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
93
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Zimbabwe" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Zimbabwe.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Zimbabwe" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Zimbabwe
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,733,964
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
94
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Afghanistan" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Afghanistan.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Afghanistan" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Afghanistan
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,673,539
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
95
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Paraguay" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Paraguay.png" style="width: 23px; height: 13px;" title="Paraguay" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Paraguay
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,453,445
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
96
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Costa Rica" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Costa Rica.png" style="width: 23px; height: 14px;" title="Costa Rica" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Costa Rica
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,207,258
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
97
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Kuwait" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Kuwait.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Kuwait" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Kuwait
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,176,010
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
98
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Oman" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Oman.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Oman" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Oman
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,089,369
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
99
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Croatia" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Croatia.png" style="width: 23px; height: 12px;" title="Croatia" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Croatia
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
3,063,044
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 63px;">
100
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 3px;">
<img alt="Puerto Rico" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/flag-menu/Puerto Rico.png" style="width: 23px; height: 15px;" title="Puerto Rico" />
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
Puerto Rico
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 161px;">
2,946,059
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
</p>
About Queen Elizabeth -incredible powers you didn't know about her2018-07-17T21:22:53+05:302018-07-17T21:22:53+05:30https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/tech/general-news/958-about-queen-elizabeth-incredible-powers-you-didn-t-know-of-queen-elizabethSandybooksandybook.in@gmail.com<p><img src="https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/queen2.jpg" /></p><h1>
<strong>About Queen Elizabeth - incredible powers you didn't know of Queen Elizabeth</strong>
</h1>
<p>
<strong>In Ths Article</strong>
</p>
<p>
Queen Elizabeth II is not like you and me.
</p>
<p>
Did you know she is immune from prosecution? That she has her own personal poet, paid in Sherry wine? Or that she holds dominion over British swans, and can fire the entire Australian government?
</p>
<p>
The Royal Prerogative are a set number of powers and privileges held by The Queen as part of the British constitution. Nowadays, a lot of these powers are exercised on Her Majesty’s behalf by ministers – things such as issuing or withdrawing passports that, without the Royal Prerogative, would require an act of parliament each time.
</p>
<p>
it's true that her role as the British Head of State is largely ceremonial, and the Monarch no longer holds any serious power from day to day. The historic "prerogative powers" of the Sovereign have been devolved largely to government ministers. But this still means that when the British government declares war, or regulates the civil service, or signs a treaty, they are doing so only on her authority.<br />
And she still wields some of these prerogative powers herself - as well as number of other unique powers, ranging from the surprising to the utterly bizarre.
</p>
<p>
Victorian constitutionalist Walter Bagehot defined The Queen’s rights as, the right ‘to be consulted, to encourage and to warn’ – but these rights are not the same as her powers, as we will now see.
</p>
<p>
<strong>The Queen’s prerogative powers vary and fall into different categories…</strong>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>POLITICAL POWERS</strong></span><br />
The Queen’s political powers nowadays are largely ceremonial, though some are actively used by The Queen such as at General Elections or are available in times of crisis and some are used by Ministers for expediency when needed.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Royal Assent – </strong>It is The Queen’s right and responsibility to grant assent to bills from Parliament, signing them into law. Whilst, in theory, she could decide to refuse assent, the last Monarch to do this was Queen Anne in 1708.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Appoint/Remove Ministers </strong>– Her Majesty also has the power to appoint and remove Ministers of the Crown.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Summoning/Proroguing Parliament </strong>– The Queen has the power to prorogue (suspend) and to summon (call back) Parliament – prorogation typically happens at the end of a parliamentary session, and the summoning occurs shortly after, when The Queen attends the State Opening of Parliament.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Appointing the Prime Minister</strong> – The Queen is responsible for appointing the Prime Minister after a general election or a resignation, in a General Election The Queen will appoint the candidate who is likely to have the most support of the House of Commons. In the event of a resignation, The Queen listens to advice on who should be appointed as their successor.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Freedom From Prosecution </strong>– Under British law, The Queen is above the law and cannot be prosecuted – she is also free from civil action.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Declaration of War </strong>– The Sovereign retains the power to declare war against other nations, though in practice this is done by the Prime Minister and Parliament of the day.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>JUDICIAL POWERS</strong></span><br />
The Queen’s judicial powers are now very minimal, and there is only really one which is used on a regular basis, with others having been delegated to judges and parliament through time.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Royal Pardon</strong> – The Royal Pardon was originally used to retract death sentences against those wrongly convicted. It is now used to correct errors in sentencing and was recently used to give a posthumous pardon to WW2 codebreaker, Alan Turing.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>ARMED FORCES</strong></span><br />
The Queen’s powers in the Armed Forces are usually used on the advice of Generals and Parliament though some functions are retained by The Queen herself nowadays.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Commander-in-Chief</strong> – The Queen is commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces and all members swear an oath of allegiance to The Queen when they join; they are Her Majesty’s Armed Forces.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Disposition of the Forces </strong>– The organisation and disposition of the Armed Forces are part of the Royal Prerogative; the crown technically controls how the Armed Forces are used.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Commissioning of Officers</strong> – The Queen’s powers include the commissioning of officers into the Armed Forces and also removing commissions (when members of the Armed Forces salute and officers, they are saluting The Queen’s commission).
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>HONOURS</strong></span><br />
One of the main prerogative powers that are still used personally by The Queen these days is the power to grant honours. As all honours derive from the Crown, The Queen has the final say on knighthoods, peerages and the like.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Creation of Peerages </strong>– The Queen may create a peerage for any person – whether a life peerage or hereditary one, though hereditary peerages haven’t been issued for decades outside of the Royal Family.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Font of Honour</strong> – It is The Queen’s prerogative power to create orders of knighthood and to grant any citizen honours. From the Royal Victorian Order to the Order of the Garter.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<strong>MISCELLANEOUS POWERS</strong><br />
Other powers Her Majesty holds include:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Control of Passports</strong> – The issuing and withdrawal of passports are within the Royal Prerogative – this is often used by ministers on behalf of The Queen. All British passports are issued in The Queen’s name.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Requisitioning of Ships</strong> – This power allows a ship to be commandeered in Her Majesty’s name for service to the realm. This power was used on the QE2 to take troops to the Falklands after the Argentine invasion in 1982.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Most famously, she owns all swans in the River Thames.
</p>
<p>
Technically, all unmarked swans in open water belong to the Queen, although the Crown only "exercises her ownership on certain stretches of the Thames and its surrounding tributaries,"
</p>
<p>
Today, this tradition is observed during the annual "Swan Upping," in which swans in the River Thames are caught, ringed, and set free again as part of census of the swan population.
</p>
<p>
It's a highly ceremonial affair, taking place over five days. "Swan uppers" wear traditional uniforms and row up-river in six skiffs accompanied by the Queen's Swan Marker.
</p>
<p>
"The swans are also given a health check and ringed with individual identification numbers by The Queen's Swan Warden, a Professor of Ornithology at the University of Oxford's Department of Zoology," according to the Royal Family website.
</p>
<p>
The Sovereign also has dominion over all dolphins in British waters.<br />
"Rule, Britannia, Britannia rules the waves," goes a classic British song - and this rule extends beneath the waves too. The sovereign has dominion over a variety of aquatic animals in British waters.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;">Other privileges Quick Review</span>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The Queen needs no license to drive.
</li>
<li>
She needs no passport either.
</li>
<li>
<strong>She gets to celebrate two birthdays! </strong><br />
According to the Royal Mint , t he Queen's official birthday is celebrated on a Saturday in June, although her actual birthday is on April 21st. An official birthday has been a thing for the Royal family since the very beginning.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Ever heard of a private poet? Well, she has one. </strong><br />
The role is currently held by Carol Ann Duffy. According to the official website of the British Monarch, this honorary position is given to a poet whose work is of national significance. Carol will hold the position till 2019. Here's more if you wish to read up.
</li>
<li>
<strong>She also has a private cash machine. </strong><br />
Installed in the basement of the Buckingham Palace, provided by Coutts (one of Britain's most exclusive banks), this one is a special perk for the queen and her royal family.A private ATM! Awesome, right?
</li>
<li>
She owns all the swans in the River Thames.
</li>
<li>
And all the dolphins in British waters belong to her too.
</li>
<li>
Without her consent, no bill can be passed to form a law.
</li>
<li>
She has the power to appoint Lords and Knights.
</li>
<li>
She can opt out from paying tax. <br />
But she doesn't. She voluntarily began paying her share in 1992.
</li>
<li>
Her family (and she) have been spared from all Freedom of Information requests!
</li>
<li>
In times of "grave constitutional crisis", the Queen has the power to VETO any ministerial advice/opinion.
</li>
<li>
And under no "grave constitutional crisis" the Queen has the right to be consulted, to encourage, and to warn her ministers.
</li>
<li>
<strong>She's also the Queen of Australia. </strong><br />
This is since the enactment of the Royal Styles and Titles Act in 1953.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Apart from being the Head of State of UK and Australia, she's also dominion to all these commonwealth realms: </strong><br />
Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu.
</li>
<li>
She's also the head of the Church of England under her formal title " <strong>Defender of the Faith and Supreme Governor of the Church of England</strong> " . <br />
Sounds like a fancy title picked from Game Of Thrones , don't you think?
</li>
<li>
Here's the most epic one of them all. She can fire the entire Australian Government! <br />
Here's how it works. T he Prime Minister of Australia is appointed by the governor-genera l. The queen could instruct her representative to appoint a new PM at any time. She can appoint a new governor-genera l too, if he does not comply.
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/queen2.jpg" /></p><h1>
<strong>About Queen Elizabeth - incredible powers you didn't know of Queen Elizabeth</strong>
</h1>
<p>
<strong>In Ths Article</strong>
</p>
<p>
Queen Elizabeth II is not like you and me.
</p>
<p>
Did you know she is immune from prosecution? That she has her own personal poet, paid in Sherry wine? Or that she holds dominion over British swans, and can fire the entire Australian government?
</p>
<p>
The Royal Prerogative are a set number of powers and privileges held by The Queen as part of the British constitution. Nowadays, a lot of these powers are exercised on Her Majesty’s behalf by ministers – things such as issuing or withdrawing passports that, without the Royal Prerogative, would require an act of parliament each time.
</p>
<p>
it's true that her role as the British Head of State is largely ceremonial, and the Monarch no longer holds any serious power from day to day. The historic "prerogative powers" of the Sovereign have been devolved largely to government ministers. But this still means that when the British government declares war, or regulates the civil service, or signs a treaty, they are doing so only on her authority.<br />
And she still wields some of these prerogative powers herself - as well as number of other unique powers, ranging from the surprising to the utterly bizarre.
</p>
<p>
Victorian constitutionalist Walter Bagehot defined The Queen’s rights as, the right ‘to be consulted, to encourage and to warn’ – but these rights are not the same as her powers, as we will now see.
</p>
<p>
<strong>The Queen’s prerogative powers vary and fall into different categories…</strong>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>POLITICAL POWERS</strong></span><br />
The Queen’s political powers nowadays are largely ceremonial, though some are actively used by The Queen such as at General Elections or are available in times of crisis and some are used by Ministers for expediency when needed.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Royal Assent – </strong>It is The Queen’s right and responsibility to grant assent to bills from Parliament, signing them into law. Whilst, in theory, she could decide to refuse assent, the last Monarch to do this was Queen Anne in 1708.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Appoint/Remove Ministers </strong>– Her Majesty also has the power to appoint and remove Ministers of the Crown.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Summoning/Proroguing Parliament </strong>– The Queen has the power to prorogue (suspend) and to summon (call back) Parliament – prorogation typically happens at the end of a parliamentary session, and the summoning occurs shortly after, when The Queen attends the State Opening of Parliament.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Appointing the Prime Minister</strong> – The Queen is responsible for appointing the Prime Minister after a general election or a resignation, in a General Election The Queen will appoint the candidate who is likely to have the most support of the House of Commons. In the event of a resignation, The Queen listens to advice on who should be appointed as their successor.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Freedom From Prosecution </strong>– Under British law, The Queen is above the law and cannot be prosecuted – she is also free from civil action.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Declaration of War </strong>– The Sovereign retains the power to declare war against other nations, though in practice this is done by the Prime Minister and Parliament of the day.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>JUDICIAL POWERS</strong></span><br />
The Queen’s judicial powers are now very minimal, and there is only really one which is used on a regular basis, with others having been delegated to judges and parliament through time.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Royal Pardon</strong> – The Royal Pardon was originally used to retract death sentences against those wrongly convicted. It is now used to correct errors in sentencing and was recently used to give a posthumous pardon to WW2 codebreaker, Alan Turing.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>ARMED FORCES</strong></span><br />
The Queen’s powers in the Armed Forces are usually used on the advice of Generals and Parliament though some functions are retained by The Queen herself nowadays.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Commander-in-Chief</strong> – The Queen is commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces and all members swear an oath of allegiance to The Queen when they join; they are Her Majesty’s Armed Forces.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Disposition of the Forces </strong>– The organisation and disposition of the Armed Forces are part of the Royal Prerogative; the crown technically controls how the Armed Forces are used.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Commissioning of Officers</strong> – The Queen’s powers include the commissioning of officers into the Armed Forces and also removing commissions (when members of the Armed Forces salute and officers, they are saluting The Queen’s commission).
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>HONOURS</strong></span><br />
One of the main prerogative powers that are still used personally by The Queen these days is the power to grant honours. As all honours derive from the Crown, The Queen has the final say on knighthoods, peerages and the like.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Creation of Peerages </strong>– The Queen may create a peerage for any person – whether a life peerage or hereditary one, though hereditary peerages haven’t been issued for decades outside of the Royal Family.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Font of Honour</strong> – It is The Queen’s prerogative power to create orders of knighthood and to grant any citizen honours. From the Royal Victorian Order to the Order of the Garter.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<strong>MISCELLANEOUS POWERS</strong><br />
Other powers Her Majesty holds include:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Control of Passports</strong> – The issuing and withdrawal of passports are within the Royal Prerogative – this is often used by ministers on behalf of The Queen. All British passports are issued in The Queen’s name.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Requisitioning of Ships</strong> – This power allows a ship to be commandeered in Her Majesty’s name for service to the realm. This power was used on the QE2 to take troops to the Falklands after the Argentine invasion in 1982.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Most famously, she owns all swans in the River Thames.
</p>
<p>
Technically, all unmarked swans in open water belong to the Queen, although the Crown only "exercises her ownership on certain stretches of the Thames and its surrounding tributaries,"
</p>
<p>
Today, this tradition is observed during the annual "Swan Upping," in which swans in the River Thames are caught, ringed, and set free again as part of census of the swan population.
</p>
<p>
It's a highly ceremonial affair, taking place over five days. "Swan uppers" wear traditional uniforms and row up-river in six skiffs accompanied by the Queen's Swan Marker.
</p>
<p>
"The swans are also given a health check and ringed with individual identification numbers by The Queen's Swan Warden, a Professor of Ornithology at the University of Oxford's Department of Zoology," according to the Royal Family website.
</p>
<p>
The Sovereign also has dominion over all dolphins in British waters.<br />
"Rule, Britannia, Britannia rules the waves," goes a classic British song - and this rule extends beneath the waves too. The sovereign has dominion over a variety of aquatic animals in British waters.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px;">Other privileges Quick Review</span>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The Queen needs no license to drive.
</li>
<li>
She needs no passport either.
</li>
<li>
<strong>She gets to celebrate two birthdays! </strong><br />
According to the Royal Mint , t he Queen's official birthday is celebrated on a Saturday in June, although her actual birthday is on April 21st. An official birthday has been a thing for the Royal family since the very beginning.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Ever heard of a private poet? Well, she has one. </strong><br />
The role is currently held by Carol Ann Duffy. According to the official website of the British Monarch, this honorary position is given to a poet whose work is of national significance. Carol will hold the position till 2019. Here's more if you wish to read up.
</li>
<li>
<strong>She also has a private cash machine. </strong><br />
Installed in the basement of the Buckingham Palace, provided by Coutts (one of Britain's most exclusive banks), this one is a special perk for the queen and her royal family.A private ATM! Awesome, right?
</li>
<li>
She owns all the swans in the River Thames.
</li>
<li>
And all the dolphins in British waters belong to her too.
</li>
<li>
Without her consent, no bill can be passed to form a law.
</li>
<li>
She has the power to appoint Lords and Knights.
</li>
<li>
She can opt out from paying tax. <br />
But she doesn't. She voluntarily began paying her share in 1992.
</li>
<li>
Her family (and she) have been spared from all Freedom of Information requests!
</li>
<li>
In times of "grave constitutional crisis", the Queen has the power to VETO any ministerial advice/opinion.
</li>
<li>
And under no "grave constitutional crisis" the Queen has the right to be consulted, to encourage, and to warn her ministers.
</li>
<li>
<strong>She's also the Queen of Australia. </strong><br />
This is since the enactment of the Royal Styles and Titles Act in 1953.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Apart from being the Head of State of UK and Australia, she's also dominion to all these commonwealth realms: </strong><br />
Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu.
</li>
<li>
She's also the head of the Church of England under her formal title " <strong>Defender of the Faith and Supreme Governor of the Church of England</strong> " . <br />
Sounds like a fancy title picked from Game Of Thrones , don't you think?
</li>
<li>
Here's the most epic one of them all. She can fire the entire Australian Government! <br />
Here's how it works. T he Prime Minister of Australia is appointed by the governor-genera l. The queen could instruct her representative to appoint a new PM at any time. She can appoint a new governor-genera l too, if he does not comply.
</li>
</ul>
Top 10 Most Wanted Criminals in the World2018-07-05T12:45:22+05:302018-07-05T12:45:22+05:30https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/tech/general-news/908-top-10-most-wanted-criminals-in-the-worldSandybooksandybook.in@gmail.com<h1>
<span style="color:#0000CD;">Top 10 Most Wanted Criminals in the World</span>
</h1>
<p>
The most wanted criminals in the world are the persons you definitely don’t ever want to deal with at any point in your life. They are the most notorious and elusive criminals on earth and have evaded capture for years.
</p>
<p>
Here’s a list of the top 10 most wanted criminals in the world, which will most likely stay fixed for quite awhile.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size:20px;">1. Ayman al-Zawahiri</span></strong>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Ayman-al-Zawahiri-1.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">Ayman al-Zawahiri is the current leader of al-Qaeda, a multi-national militant organization formerly headed by Osama bin Laden. He was named the leader of al-Qaeda shortly after bin Laden was assassinated in 2011. Before that, he was the operational and strategic commander and was the top lieutenant to bin Laden in the organization.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">An Egyptian, al-Zawahiri had a direct hand in the 1998 US embassy bombings in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania which killed hundreds of people. In 2008, the Pakistan Army claimed that they almost captured al-Zawahiri in northwest Pakistan.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">In 2012, al-Zawahiri made headlines when he called on Muslims to kidnap Western tourists visiting Muslim countries. He remains at large and is one the most wanted criminals in the world. The US Department of State is offering $25 million for any information about the location of the current al-Qaeda leader.</span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>2. Dawood Ibrahim</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Dawood-Ibrahim-2.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">Dawood Ibrahim is the most wanted man in India. He is a crime lord and leads the Indian organized crime syndicate D-Company. He founded the organization in the 1970s and has been a wanted man since the 1980s, though he wasn’t branded a global threat until 2003.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">Ibrahim is currently living in Pakistan, though the Pakistani government has denied that he is in the country. He is widely believed to be the man behind the 1993 Bombay bombings, which involved a series of 12 bomb explosions in Mumbai, India. The attacks killed 257 people and injured 717 others.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">Ibrahim and D-Company mostly operate in India, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates. Ibrahim is wanted for a number of charges, which includes murder, targeted killing, and drug trafficking. Like Ayman al-Zawahiri, he has a $25 million bounty on his head.</span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>3. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Abu-Bakr-al-Baghdadi-3.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is the leader of the militant terrorist organization known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) – also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). I think it’s safe to assume that by now you’re already familiar with the organization, which has orchestrated a series of terror attacks in European cities the last two years.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">Al-Baghdadi was a part of al-Qaeda from 2006-2013. Apart from crimes related to terrorism, he has been accused of kidnapping, enslaving, and raping American human rights activist and humanitarian aid worker Kayla Mueller.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">It is believed that al-Baghdadi, the top target in the war against ISIS, is currently hiding in Raqqa, Syria, though there have been numerous conflicting reports of his arrest or death the last two years. Nevertheless, al-Baghdadi has a huge bounty on his head, with the US Department of State offering $25 million, up from the original $10 million, for any information which may lead to his capture or death.</span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>4. Semion Mogilevich</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Semion-Mogilevich-4.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Semion Mogilevich is believed to be the boss of bosses of Russian Mafia syndicates around the world. He commands a huge criminal organization involved in weapons trafficking, drug trafficking, contract murders, prostitution, fraud, and possibly even nuclear materials trafficking.
</p>
<p>
Mogilevich is considered the most dangerous mobster in the world and allegedly has powerful political connections everywhere in Russia. In 2006, former Russian secret service member Alexander Litvinenko alleged that Mogilevich has a “good relationship” with current Russian president Vladimir Putin. Litvinenko was assassinated via radiation poisoning shortly after making that claim.
</p>
<p>
Nicknamed “Don Semyon” and “The Brainy Don,” Mogilevich lives freely in Russia. He was arrested in 2008 in Moscow for tax evasion but was released the following year. He was added to the FBI Top Ten Most Wanted list in 2009 but was removed in 2015, mainly because the US and Russia don’t have an extradition treaty, which basically makes him untouchable to the FBI.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>5. Matteo Messina Denaro</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Matteo-Messina-Denaro-5.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Matteo Messina Denaro is a Sicilian Mafia boss, now considered the boss of bosses in the infamous criminal organization after the deaths of Bernardo Provenzano and Salvatore Riina and the 2007 arrest of Salvatore Lo Piccolo. He has proven to be one of the most elusive targets for the Italian police, successfully evading arrest a number of times in the past.
</p>
<p>
Nicknamed “Diabolik,” Denaro stands out because of his lifestyle and outgoing nature, which is in contrast with other Mafia bosses who keep conservative family values close to heart. Denaro is a notorious womanizer, drives expensive Porsche cars, wears luxurious Rolex watches, and prefers high-end products from Ray-Ban, Giorgio Armani, and Versace. And apparently, he’s big on video games.
</p>
<p>
Denaro has been involved in extortion and illegal drug trade, the latter of which has caused the FBI to keep a close eye on the Mafia boss. In 1993, Denaro played a big role in a series of bomb attacks orchestrated by several Mafia bosses in Italy. The attacks killed 10 people and injured 93 others. Denaro has not been seen since the bomb attacks.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>6. Alimzhan Tokhtakhunov</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Alimzhan-Tokhtakhunov-6.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Alimzhan Tokhtakhunov is a Russian businessman suspected of being involved in organized crime. He is believed to be nicknamed “Taiwanchik” because of his noticeable Asian facial features. He has been accused of numerous crimes in the past, which includes smuggling, fixing competition events, committing fraud, and running an illegal gambling ring.
</p>
<p>
Tokhtakhunov is perhaps most infamous for being accused of bribing ice skating judges in the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was subsequently arrested by Italian authorities at the request of the US but was later freed before he was extradited.
</p>
<p>
He is a former amateur football player, which may explain his involvement in sporting events and for being reportedly close to several Russian professional tennis players. Of course, none of the athletes have openly admitted to being closely associated with Tokhtakhunov. Like Semion Mogilevich, Tokhtakhunov lives openly in Russia and is pretty much untouchable to US law enforcement authorities.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>7. Felicien Kabuga</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Felicien-Kabuga-7.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Felicien Kabuga is a Rwandan businessman and millionaire. He is the most wanted man in Africa for his direct involvement in the Rwandan Genocide, one of the most despicable acts in human history. Kabuga got the majority of his fortune through tea farms in Rwanda, which he used to fund the Rwandan Genocide.
</p>
<p>
Kabuga allegedly bankrolled Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines, the Rwandan radio station which played a huge role in inciting violence and kicking off the Rwandan Genocide. Not only that, he also supplied the weapons to the Hutus, importing a total of 500,000 machetes. About 500,000-1,000,000 Rwandans were killed in the infamous genocide, heavily crippling the country economy.
</p>
<p>
For his role in the genocide, Kabuga was slapped with numerous charges by the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, including conspiracy to commit genocide and complicity in genocide. Kabuga, however, has remained elusive ever since his escape after the Rwandan Genocide was ended by the Rwandan Patriotic Front. He is believed to be living and running businesses in Kenya.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>8. Omid Tahvili</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Omid-Tahvili-8.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Born in Tehran, Iran, Omid Tahvili is the kingpin of an organized crime family in Canada. Yes, you read that right – something like that actually exists in goody two shoes Canada. He reportedly operates out of an Iranian community in Canada and is connected to other international criminal organizations.
</p>
<p>
Tahvili has been apprehended by authorities several times but has escaped fully serving his sentences through one way or another. Most infamously, he escaped from a maximum-security prison in 2007 with the help of a security guard whom he bribed with money. Tahvili remains free to this day and is considered one of the most wanted criminals in the world.
</p>
<p>
Tahvili has been convicted of kidnapping and sexual assault and has been charged with wire fraud, mail fraud, telemarketing fraud, and aiding and abetting. His telemarketing fraud ran from 1999 to 2002 with elderly US citizens being the chief victims. His operation netted him $3 million.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>9. Ismael Zambada Garcia</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Ismael-Zambada-Garcia-9.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Ismael Zambada Garcia is the leader of the Sinaloa Cartel, an international organized crime syndicate which mainly operates from Culiacan, Sinaloa in Mexico, hence the group name. The Sinaloa Cartel is considered one of the most powerful drug trafficking organizations in the world.
</p>
<p>
Nicknamed “El Mayo,” Garcia assumed full leadership of the Sinaloa Cartel when Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman was apprehended in 2016. He is the most enduring drug lord in Mexico and has been active in the drug trafficking business for years. He was the logistical coordinator of the cartel before assuming full leadership.
</p>
<p>
Garcia employs different methods for delivering drugs to the US, which includes airplanes and boats. He currently has a $5 million on his head.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>10. Joseph Kony</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Joseph-Kony-10.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Joseph Kony is the leader of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), a guerrilla group which has been active since 1987. He is a self-declared prophet and claims that he is fighting for the Ten Commandments. He also claims to have been possessed by spirits.
</p>
<p>
The LRA previously operated in Uganda before recently moving operations to the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, and South Sudan. Led by Kony, the LRA has been involved in mass kidnappings of children and forcing them to become sex slaves or child soldiers for his campaign.
</p>
<p>
In 2005, Kony was indicted by International Criminal Court in The Hague for war crimes and crimes against humanity. But he is yet to be put behind bars for all his actions. Earlier this year, the US and Uganda ended their hunt for Kony, thinking he is no longer a significant threat because his force has significantly shrunk in recent years, which may have been related to his reportedly declining health.
</p>
<h1>
<span style="color:#0000CD;">Top 10 Most Wanted Criminals in the World</span>
</h1>
<p>
The most wanted criminals in the world are the persons you definitely don’t ever want to deal with at any point in your life. They are the most notorious and elusive criminals on earth and have evaded capture for years.
</p>
<p>
Here’s a list of the top 10 most wanted criminals in the world, which will most likely stay fixed for quite awhile.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size:20px;">1. Ayman al-Zawahiri</span></strong>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Ayman-al-Zawahiri-1.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">Ayman al-Zawahiri is the current leader of al-Qaeda, a multi-national militant organization formerly headed by Osama bin Laden. He was named the leader of al-Qaeda shortly after bin Laden was assassinated in 2011. Before that, he was the operational and strategic commander and was the top lieutenant to bin Laden in the organization.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">An Egyptian, al-Zawahiri had a direct hand in the 1998 US embassy bombings in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania which killed hundreds of people. In 2008, the Pakistan Army claimed that they almost captured al-Zawahiri in northwest Pakistan.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">In 2012, al-Zawahiri made headlines when he called on Muslims to kidnap Western tourists visiting Muslim countries. He remains at large and is one the most wanted criminals in the world. The US Department of State is offering $25 million for any information about the location of the current al-Qaeda leader.</span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>2. Dawood Ibrahim</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Dawood-Ibrahim-2.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">Dawood Ibrahim is the most wanted man in India. He is a crime lord and leads the Indian organized crime syndicate D-Company. He founded the organization in the 1970s and has been a wanted man since the 1980s, though he wasn’t branded a global threat until 2003.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">Ibrahim is currently living in Pakistan, though the Pakistani government has denied that he is in the country. He is widely believed to be the man behind the 1993 Bombay bombings, which involved a series of 12 bomb explosions in Mumbai, India. The attacks killed 257 people and injured 717 others.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">Ibrahim and D-Company mostly operate in India, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates. Ibrahim is wanted for a number of charges, which includes murder, targeted killing, and drug trafficking. Like Ayman al-Zawahiri, he has a $25 million bounty on his head.</span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>3. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Abu-Bakr-al-Baghdadi-3.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is the leader of the militant terrorist organization known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) – also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). I think it’s safe to assume that by now you’re already familiar with the organization, which has orchestrated a series of terror attacks in European cities the last two years.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">Al-Baghdadi was a part of al-Qaeda from 2006-2013. Apart from crimes related to terrorism, he has been accused of kidnapping, enslaving, and raping American human rights activist and humanitarian aid worker Kayla Mueller.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">It is believed that al-Baghdadi, the top target in the war against ISIS, is currently hiding in Raqqa, Syria, though there have been numerous conflicting reports of his arrest or death the last two years. Nevertheless, al-Baghdadi has a huge bounty on his head, with the US Department of State offering $25 million, up from the original $10 million, for any information which may lead to his capture or death.</span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>4. Semion Mogilevich</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Semion-Mogilevich-4.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Semion Mogilevich is believed to be the boss of bosses of Russian Mafia syndicates around the world. He commands a huge criminal organization involved in weapons trafficking, drug trafficking, contract murders, prostitution, fraud, and possibly even nuclear materials trafficking.
</p>
<p>
Mogilevich is considered the most dangerous mobster in the world and allegedly has powerful political connections everywhere in Russia. In 2006, former Russian secret service member Alexander Litvinenko alleged that Mogilevich has a “good relationship” with current Russian president Vladimir Putin. Litvinenko was assassinated via radiation poisoning shortly after making that claim.
</p>
<p>
Nicknamed “Don Semyon” and “The Brainy Don,” Mogilevich lives freely in Russia. He was arrested in 2008 in Moscow for tax evasion but was released the following year. He was added to the FBI Top Ten Most Wanted list in 2009 but was removed in 2015, mainly because the US and Russia don’t have an extradition treaty, which basically makes him untouchable to the FBI.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>5. Matteo Messina Denaro</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Matteo-Messina-Denaro-5.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Matteo Messina Denaro is a Sicilian Mafia boss, now considered the boss of bosses in the infamous criminal organization after the deaths of Bernardo Provenzano and Salvatore Riina and the 2007 arrest of Salvatore Lo Piccolo. He has proven to be one of the most elusive targets for the Italian police, successfully evading arrest a number of times in the past.
</p>
<p>
Nicknamed “Diabolik,” Denaro stands out because of his lifestyle and outgoing nature, which is in contrast with other Mafia bosses who keep conservative family values close to heart. Denaro is a notorious womanizer, drives expensive Porsche cars, wears luxurious Rolex watches, and prefers high-end products from Ray-Ban, Giorgio Armani, and Versace. And apparently, he’s big on video games.
</p>
<p>
Denaro has been involved in extortion and illegal drug trade, the latter of which has caused the FBI to keep a close eye on the Mafia boss. In 1993, Denaro played a big role in a series of bomb attacks orchestrated by several Mafia bosses in Italy. The attacks killed 10 people and injured 93 others. Denaro has not been seen since the bomb attacks.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>6. Alimzhan Tokhtakhunov</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Alimzhan-Tokhtakhunov-6.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Alimzhan Tokhtakhunov is a Russian businessman suspected of being involved in organized crime. He is believed to be nicknamed “Taiwanchik” because of his noticeable Asian facial features. He has been accused of numerous crimes in the past, which includes smuggling, fixing competition events, committing fraud, and running an illegal gambling ring.
</p>
<p>
Tokhtakhunov is perhaps most infamous for being accused of bribing ice skating judges in the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was subsequently arrested by Italian authorities at the request of the US but was later freed before he was extradited.
</p>
<p>
He is a former amateur football player, which may explain his involvement in sporting events and for being reportedly close to several Russian professional tennis players. Of course, none of the athletes have openly admitted to being closely associated with Tokhtakhunov. Like Semion Mogilevich, Tokhtakhunov lives openly in Russia and is pretty much untouchable to US law enforcement authorities.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>7. Felicien Kabuga</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Felicien-Kabuga-7.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Felicien Kabuga is a Rwandan businessman and millionaire. He is the most wanted man in Africa for his direct involvement in the Rwandan Genocide, one of the most despicable acts in human history. Kabuga got the majority of his fortune through tea farms in Rwanda, which he used to fund the Rwandan Genocide.
</p>
<p>
Kabuga allegedly bankrolled Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines, the Rwandan radio station which played a huge role in inciting violence and kicking off the Rwandan Genocide. Not only that, he also supplied the weapons to the Hutus, importing a total of 500,000 machetes. About 500,000-1,000,000 Rwandans were killed in the infamous genocide, heavily crippling the country economy.
</p>
<p>
For his role in the genocide, Kabuga was slapped with numerous charges by the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, including conspiracy to commit genocide and complicity in genocide. Kabuga, however, has remained elusive ever since his escape after the Rwandan Genocide was ended by the Rwandan Patriotic Front. He is believed to be living and running businesses in Kenya.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>8. Omid Tahvili</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Omid-Tahvili-8.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Born in Tehran, Iran, Omid Tahvili is the kingpin of an organized crime family in Canada. Yes, you read that right – something like that actually exists in goody two shoes Canada. He reportedly operates out of an Iranian community in Canada and is connected to other international criminal organizations.
</p>
<p>
Tahvili has been apprehended by authorities several times but has escaped fully serving his sentences through one way or another. Most infamously, he escaped from a maximum-security prison in 2007 with the help of a security guard whom he bribed with money. Tahvili remains free to this day and is considered one of the most wanted criminals in the world.
</p>
<p>
Tahvili has been convicted of kidnapping and sexual assault and has been charged with wire fraud, mail fraud, telemarketing fraud, and aiding and abetting. His telemarketing fraud ran from 1999 to 2002 with elderly US citizens being the chief victims. His operation netted him $3 million.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>9. Ismael Zambada Garcia</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Ismael-Zambada-Garcia-9.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Ismael Zambada Garcia is the leader of the Sinaloa Cartel, an international organized crime syndicate which mainly operates from Culiacan, Sinaloa in Mexico, hence the group name. The Sinaloa Cartel is considered one of the most powerful drug trafficking organizations in the world.
</p>
<p>
Nicknamed “El Mayo,” Garcia assumed full leadership of the Sinaloa Cartel when Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman was apprehended in 2016. He is the most enduring drug lord in Mexico and has been active in the drug trafficking business for years. He was the logistical coordinator of the cartel before assuming full leadership.
</p>
<p>
Garcia employs different methods for delivering drugs to the US, which includes airplanes and boats. He currently has a $5 million on his head.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>10. Joseph Kony</strong></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/sampledata/Joseph-Kony-10.jpg" />
</p>
<p>
Joseph Kony is the leader of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), a guerrilla group which has been active since 1987. He is a self-declared prophet and claims that he is fighting for the Ten Commandments. He also claims to have been possessed by spirits.
</p>
<p>
The LRA previously operated in Uganda before recently moving operations to the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, and South Sudan. Led by Kony, the LRA has been involved in mass kidnappings of children and forcing them to become sex slaves or child soldiers for his campaign.
</p>
<p>
In 2005, Kony was indicted by International Criminal Court in The Hague for war crimes and crimes against humanity. But he is yet to be put behind bars for all his actions. Earlier this year, the US and Uganda ended their hunt for Kony, thinking he is no longer a significant threat because his force has significantly shrunk in recent years, which may have been related to his reportedly declining health.
</p>
Black school children are treated more harshly than white children by teachers2018-07-03T08:41:07+05:302018-07-03T08:41:07+05:30https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/tech/general-news/897-black-school-children-are-treated-more-harshly-than-white-children-by-teachersSandybooksandybook.in@gmail.com<p>
That black school children are treated more harshly than white children by teachers is no secret, as plenty of studies and painful anecdotes have repeatedly shown. But some recent research published in the journal Contemporary Educational Psychology suggests an even more discouraging reality: The incoming generation of teachers shows bias against black kids, too.
</p>
<p>
Researchers at North Carolina State University and elsewhere recruited 40 college students (most of whom were white) who were training to become teachers. They asked the volunteers to look at pictures of 20 black and white men and women, and then to identify one of five emotions the actors were showing (happiness, anger, surprise, sadness, or fear). A previous experiment by the researchers used 20 human volunteers and facial recognition software to pinpoint the emotion shown in each photo.
</p>
<p>
For a separate test, the volunteers watched four videos depicting a black and white boy in elementary school. One pair of videos had the boys doing something that could be seen as callous, with the black boy stepping on someone’s homework with muddy shoes and the white boy walking away with someone else’s handheld video game. The other two videos featured actions more likely to be seen as unintentionally insensitive: the black boy made a possibly rude comment about another student’s work, and the white boy put someone else’s work in the trash while cleaning up. For all the videos, the volunteers were asked to rate how hostile the boy was on a scale from one to five.
</p>
<p>
In the photo task, the volunteers were consistently worse at guessing the emotions of both black men and women. Overall, black faces were more than twice as likely to be misread than white faces. And when it came to anger, the misreading was even worse. Black faces were four times as likely to be mistakenly seen as angry.
</p>
<p>
With the video test, the volunteers similarly attributed more malice to black boys. On average, the hostility rating of black boys was 3.37, while the average rating of white boys was 2.25. And even in the scenarios where the boy seemingly meant no harm, the average point difference in rating between white and black boys stayed the same.
</p>
<p>
“We really worked hard to make these visual stimuli all comparable to each other, so it’s really something that’s in the receiver that’s going on here,” lead author Amy Halberstadt, professor of psychology at North Carolina State, told Gizmodo. “This is highlighting very specific ways racial bias might be playing out.”
</p>
<p>
Though research has shown that black boys in particular are discriminated against in school, receiving higher rates of suspensions, expulsions, and other disciplinary actions than everyone else (even when accounting for other factors like poverty or grades), Halberstadt and her team note black girls have their own set of challenges.
</p>
<p>
“For instance, expectations for females to be more emotionally expressive than males coupled with stereotypes of black people being angry and aggressive make black girls likely targets for being labeled as ‘out of control’ or overly assertive in the classroom,” they wrote. According to Halberstadt, the study’s findings are some of the first to empirically show that a similar bias for seeing anger exists toward black women as well as men. But other qualitative research—relying on interviews and surveys of schoolchildren—has found black girls are more often singled out for not being “ladylike” compared to white girls.
</p>
<p>
These misperceptions have real consequences. White (but not black) teachers have been found to underestimate the academic talent and learning capability of black students, even as early as preschool. And the less confident teachers are in their black students’ academic prospects, the less likely the students are to succeed, other research has shown.
</p>
<p>
Of course, these biases aren’t unique to teaching. Racial discrimination poisons every avenue of life in the US, from job-seeking to online dating to getting medical care. “There are many things in our culture that are directing people to have these biases,” Halderstadt said, “so none of us are immune to them.”
</p>
<p>
As sobering as the findings are, Halderstadt believes these sort of studies can be the start of a larger conversation for prospective and current teachers to have about how they will interact with their students (along with everyone else). “If we don’t even know that we’re doing this, then we can’t change. So the first step is to become aware and then we can work on our changes,” she said.
</p>
<p>
At the same time, simply knowing about our prejudices isn’t enough.
</p>
<p>
“The big picture is that teachers can know they have bias, but that’s a very broad statement,” Halberstadt added. “What this suggests to me is that [one way to address bias] is through understanding emotion. Teachers may need to think about whether they’re understanding the emotions of black people as well as they are of white people.”
</p>
<p>
The study’s small sample size means that only limited conclusions can be drawn from the results. But Halberstadt and her team are already following up with larger studies examining teacher bias, as well as how it affects their students.
</p>
<p>
That black school children are treated more harshly than white children by teachers is no secret, as plenty of studies and painful anecdotes have repeatedly shown. But some recent research published in the journal Contemporary Educational Psychology suggests an even more discouraging reality: The incoming generation of teachers shows bias against black kids, too.
</p>
<p>
Researchers at North Carolina State University and elsewhere recruited 40 college students (most of whom were white) who were training to become teachers. They asked the volunteers to look at pictures of 20 black and white men and women, and then to identify one of five emotions the actors were showing (happiness, anger, surprise, sadness, or fear). A previous experiment by the researchers used 20 human volunteers and facial recognition software to pinpoint the emotion shown in each photo.
</p>
<p>
For a separate test, the volunteers watched four videos depicting a black and white boy in elementary school. One pair of videos had the boys doing something that could be seen as callous, with the black boy stepping on someone’s homework with muddy shoes and the white boy walking away with someone else’s handheld video game. The other two videos featured actions more likely to be seen as unintentionally insensitive: the black boy made a possibly rude comment about another student’s work, and the white boy put someone else’s work in the trash while cleaning up. For all the videos, the volunteers were asked to rate how hostile the boy was on a scale from one to five.
</p>
<p>
In the photo task, the volunteers were consistently worse at guessing the emotions of both black men and women. Overall, black faces were more than twice as likely to be misread than white faces. And when it came to anger, the misreading was even worse. Black faces were four times as likely to be mistakenly seen as angry.
</p>
<p>
With the video test, the volunteers similarly attributed more malice to black boys. On average, the hostility rating of black boys was 3.37, while the average rating of white boys was 2.25. And even in the scenarios where the boy seemingly meant no harm, the average point difference in rating between white and black boys stayed the same.
</p>
<p>
“We really worked hard to make these visual stimuli all comparable to each other, so it’s really something that’s in the receiver that’s going on here,” lead author Amy Halberstadt, professor of psychology at North Carolina State, told Gizmodo. “This is highlighting very specific ways racial bias might be playing out.”
</p>
<p>
Though research has shown that black boys in particular are discriminated against in school, receiving higher rates of suspensions, expulsions, and other disciplinary actions than everyone else (even when accounting for other factors like poverty or grades), Halberstadt and her team note black girls have their own set of challenges.
</p>
<p>
“For instance, expectations for females to be more emotionally expressive than males coupled with stereotypes of black people being angry and aggressive make black girls likely targets for being labeled as ‘out of control’ or overly assertive in the classroom,” they wrote. According to Halberstadt, the study’s findings are some of the first to empirically show that a similar bias for seeing anger exists toward black women as well as men. But other qualitative research—relying on interviews and surveys of schoolchildren—has found black girls are more often singled out for not being “ladylike” compared to white girls.
</p>
<p>
These misperceptions have real consequences. White (but not black) teachers have been found to underestimate the academic talent and learning capability of black students, even as early as preschool. And the less confident teachers are in their black students’ academic prospects, the less likely the students are to succeed, other research has shown.
</p>
<p>
Of course, these biases aren’t unique to teaching. Racial discrimination poisons every avenue of life in the US, from job-seeking to online dating to getting medical care. “There are many things in our culture that are directing people to have these biases,” Halderstadt said, “so none of us are immune to them.”
</p>
<p>
As sobering as the findings are, Halderstadt believes these sort of studies can be the start of a larger conversation for prospective and current teachers to have about how they will interact with their students (along with everyone else). “If we don’t even know that we’re doing this, then we can’t change. So the first step is to become aware and then we can work on our changes,” she said.
</p>
<p>
At the same time, simply knowing about our prejudices isn’t enough.
</p>
<p>
“The big picture is that teachers can know they have bias, but that’s a very broad statement,” Halberstadt added. “What this suggests to me is that [one way to address bias] is through understanding emotion. Teachers may need to think about whether they’re understanding the emotions of black people as well as they are of white people.”
</p>
<p>
The study’s small sample size means that only limited conclusions can be drawn from the results. But Halberstadt and her team are already following up with larger studies examining teacher bias, as well as how it affects their students.
</p>
12 Prison Cells That Are More Luxurious Than Your College Hostel Room2018-07-02T14:29:18+05:302018-07-02T14:29:18+05:30https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/tech/general-news/886-12-prison-cells-that-are-more-luxurious-than-your-college-hostel-roomSandybooksandybook.in@gmail.com<h1>
<span style="color:#0000CD"><span style="font-family:georgia,serif">12 Prison Cells That Are More Luxurious Than Your College Hostel Room</span></span>
</h1>
<p>
When you think of prison, I bet your thoughts are dominated by images of iron bars, dark hallways, sub-par food and general overall dismay in the air. But what if I told you not all prisons look like that. In fact there are some around the world that, despite being legit prisons, are the exact opposite of what I just described.
</p>
<p>
Here are 12 of the world's most comfortable prisons - institutions that have changed how we look at correctional facilities.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>1. Bastoy Prison, Norway</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Located on Bastoy Island in Oslofjord, this prison houses a little over 100 inmates who, within the prison complex, enjoy luxuries like tennis, horseback-riding, fishing and sunbathing. With tasteful cottages to house them and lush farms to work on, the prisoners at this minimum security institution probably often forget they're prisoners.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/a1.jpg" style="height:392px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/a2.jpg" style="height:391px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/a3.jpg" style="height:349px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>2. HMP Addiewell, Scotland</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
A designated learning prison, Her Majesty's Prison Addiewell in southern Scotland allots each of its resident inmates 40 weekly hours of productive skill building. With a special focus on helping inmates transition back to civilian life in a purposeful and fulfilling manner, Addiewell's 700 prisoners are sure in good hands.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/b1.jpg" style="height:398px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/b2.jpg" style="height:305px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/b3.jpg" style="height:377px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>3. Otago Corrections Facility, New Zealand</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
While its security measures are not taken lightly, Otago provides its inmates with comfortable rooms, and attributes great significance to change through skill building. Holding classes in light engineering, dairy farming and cooking among other things, Otago strives to rehabilitate effectively.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/c1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/c2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/c3.jpg" style="height:397px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>4. Justice Center Leoben, Austria</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
A quaint European residence for non-violent offenders, the Justice Center prison gives each of its prisoners a single cell, with a private bathroom, and kitchenette, plus a television. All that and their fully-equipped gym, basketball court and outdoor recreation area would make for a considerably cushy sentence, if you ask me.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/d1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/d2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/d3.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>5. Aranjuez Prison, Spain</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Addressing the way that correctional facilities rip families apart, this innovative institution provides for infant children to live their first years with their incarcerated parents. Equipped with cribs, Disney characters on the walls, and a kids' play area, Aranjuez gives incarcerated parents a chance to experience parenthood despite circumstances, and a parent to those too young to comprehend the reality of being imprisoned.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/e1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/e2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>6. Champ-Dollon Prison, Switzerland</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Previously infamous for overcrowding, the newly refurbished residences in Champ-Dollon boasts of spacious triple-occupancy cells that include an attached bathroom. Ample facilities such as these allow the inmates to feel less like prisoners and more like university dorm-mates working together towards rehabilitation.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/f1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/f2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/f3.jpg" style="height:445px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>7. JVA Fuhlsbuettel Prison, Germany</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
This Hamburg prison is home to many long-serving inmates who enjoy spacious cells that have beds, a couch and a private shower and toilet along with plentiful natural light. Among its many facilities, JVA Fuhlsbuettel provides its prisoners machines to do their laundry and access to a conference room and a recreation room.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/g1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/g2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/g3.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>8. Sollentuna Prison, Sweden</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
This correctional facility houses its inmates in private cells with comfortable beds and attached bathrooms. The prisoners have the luxury of a state of the art gym, an open-for-use kitchen, and a spacious recreation room equipped with a TV and a couch.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/h1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/h2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/h3.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>9. Halden Prison, Norway</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Surrounded by ample greenery and natural light in plenty, Halden is called the most humane prison in the world for a reason. Every inmate enjoys comfortable quarters with relative privacy. Skill-building classes, a rec room stocked with TV shows, movies and video games, a fully equipped gym and an actual functioning musical recording facility make this prison every long-serving inmate's dream.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/i1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/i2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/i3.jpg" style="height:441px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/i4.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px">10. Cebu Prison, Philippines</span>
</p>
<p>
While Cebu Prison may not match the luxury standards of the aforementioned facilities, they have championed the cause of inmate recreation and creativity. Inmates at this correctional facility indulge in singing and dancing to a selection of musical numbers. Not only do these prisoners perform for civilian audiences, they even sign autographs.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/j1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/j2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/j3.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>11. San Pedro Prison, Bolivia</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Certainly not the hero of luxurious prisons, but San Pedro belongs on this list for its one-of-a-kind in-prison community set up. With self-appointed leaders, and entire neighbourhoods homes and families, with businesses and cafes, this may be the most unconventionally comfortable of all the world's prisons.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/k1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/k2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/k3.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>12. Pondok Bambu Prison, Indonesia</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
While a luxurious lifestyle comes at a price - corruption - the Pondok Bambu prison is a women's facility fully equipped with everything from air-conditioners and refrigerators to karaoke machines and nail salons. Beauty treatments and recreational classes in this complex full of gardens and sculptures would be undeniably comfortable.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/l1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/l2.jpg" style="height:412px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p>
Here's hoping it's not long before correctional institutions around the world take their example to promote a more holistic approach to rehabilitation. 'Cause hey, I wasn't planning on breaking any laws, but it would certainly help to know that if I did, I'd go to a prison that won't keep me from watching Westworld.
</p>
<h1>
<span style="color:#0000CD"><span style="font-family:georgia,serif">12 Prison Cells That Are More Luxurious Than Your College Hostel Room</span></span>
</h1>
<p>
When you think of prison, I bet your thoughts are dominated by images of iron bars, dark hallways, sub-par food and general overall dismay in the air. But what if I told you not all prisons look like that. In fact there are some around the world that, despite being legit prisons, are the exact opposite of what I just described.
</p>
<p>
Here are 12 of the world's most comfortable prisons - institutions that have changed how we look at correctional facilities.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>1. Bastoy Prison, Norway</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Located on Bastoy Island in Oslofjord, this prison houses a little over 100 inmates who, within the prison complex, enjoy luxuries like tennis, horseback-riding, fishing and sunbathing. With tasteful cottages to house them and lush farms to work on, the prisoners at this minimum security institution probably often forget they're prisoners.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/a1.jpg" style="height:392px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/a2.jpg" style="height:391px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/a3.jpg" style="height:349px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>2. HMP Addiewell, Scotland</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
A designated learning prison, Her Majesty's Prison Addiewell in southern Scotland allots each of its resident inmates 40 weekly hours of productive skill building. With a special focus on helping inmates transition back to civilian life in a purposeful and fulfilling manner, Addiewell's 700 prisoners are sure in good hands.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/b1.jpg" style="height:398px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/b2.jpg" style="height:305px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/b3.jpg" style="height:377px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>3. Otago Corrections Facility, New Zealand</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
While its security measures are not taken lightly, Otago provides its inmates with comfortable rooms, and attributes great significance to change through skill building. Holding classes in light engineering, dairy farming and cooking among other things, Otago strives to rehabilitate effectively.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/c1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/c2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/c3.jpg" style="height:397px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>4. Justice Center Leoben, Austria</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
A quaint European residence for non-violent offenders, the Justice Center prison gives each of its prisoners a single cell, with a private bathroom, and kitchenette, plus a television. All that and their fully-equipped gym, basketball court and outdoor recreation area would make for a considerably cushy sentence, if you ask me.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/d1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/d2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/d3.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>5. Aranjuez Prison, Spain</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Addressing the way that correctional facilities rip families apart, this innovative institution provides for infant children to live their first years with their incarcerated parents. Equipped with cribs, Disney characters on the walls, and a kids' play area, Aranjuez gives incarcerated parents a chance to experience parenthood despite circumstances, and a parent to those too young to comprehend the reality of being imprisoned.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/e1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/e2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>6. Champ-Dollon Prison, Switzerland</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Previously infamous for overcrowding, the newly refurbished residences in Champ-Dollon boasts of spacious triple-occupancy cells that include an attached bathroom. Ample facilities such as these allow the inmates to feel less like prisoners and more like university dorm-mates working together towards rehabilitation.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/f1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/f2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/f3.jpg" style="height:445px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>7. JVA Fuhlsbuettel Prison, Germany</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
This Hamburg prison is home to many long-serving inmates who enjoy spacious cells that have beds, a couch and a private shower and toilet along with plentiful natural light. Among its many facilities, JVA Fuhlsbuettel provides its prisoners machines to do their laundry and access to a conference room and a recreation room.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/g1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/g2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/g3.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>8. Sollentuna Prison, Sweden</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
This correctional facility houses its inmates in private cells with comfortable beds and attached bathrooms. The prisoners have the luxury of a state of the art gym, an open-for-use kitchen, and a spacious recreation room equipped with a TV and a couch.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/h1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/h2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/h3.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>9. Halden Prison, Norway</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Surrounded by ample greenery and natural light in plenty, Halden is called the most humane prison in the world for a reason. Every inmate enjoys comfortable quarters with relative privacy. Skill-building classes, a rec room stocked with TV shows, movies and video games, a fully equipped gym and an actual functioning musical recording facility make this prison every long-serving inmate's dream.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/i1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/i2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/i3.jpg" style="height:441px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/i4.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px">10. Cebu Prison, Philippines</span>
</p>
<p>
While Cebu Prison may not match the luxury standards of the aforementioned facilities, they have championed the cause of inmate recreation and creativity. Inmates at this correctional facility indulge in singing and dancing to a selection of musical numbers. Not only do these prisoners perform for civilian audiences, they even sign autographs.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/j1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/j2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/j3.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>11. San Pedro Prison, Bolivia</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Certainly not the hero of luxurious prisons, but San Pedro belongs on this list for its one-of-a-kind in-prison community set up. With self-appointed leaders, and entire neighbourhoods homes and families, with businesses and cafes, this may be the most unconventionally comfortable of all the world's prisons.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/k1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/k2.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/k3.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>12. Pondok Bambu Prison, Indonesia</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
While a luxurious lifestyle comes at a price - corruption - the Pondok Bambu prison is a women's facility fully equipped with everything from air-conditioners and refrigerators to karaoke machines and nail salons. Beauty treatments and recreational classes in this complex full of gardens and sculptures would be undeniably comfortable.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/l1.jpg" />
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
</p>
<p style="text-align:center">
<img alt="" src="http://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/images/Prison/l2.jpg" style="height:412px; width:600px" />
</p>
<p>
Here's hoping it's not long before correctional institutions around the world take their example to promote a more holistic approach to rehabilitation. 'Cause hey, I wasn't planning on breaking any laws, but it would certainly help to know that if I did, I'd go to a prison that won't keep me from watching Westworld.
</p>
This invasive tick can clone itself and suck livestock dry2018-07-01T22:34:32+05:302018-07-01T22:34:32+05:30https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/tech/general-news/884-this-invasive-tick-can-clone-itself-and-suck-livestock-drySandybooksandybook.in@gmail.com<h1>
<span style="font-family:georgia,serif"><span style="color:#0000CD">This invasive tick can clone itself and suck livestock dry</span></span>
</h1>
<p>
Tadhgh Rainey has seen his share of bloodsuckers. As an entomologist at the Hunterdon County Health Services in Flemington, N.J., he’s the person to talk to about all things mosquitoes and ticks. But he had never seen anything like the infestation on a pet sheep in September 2017.
</p>
<p>
When he and his colleague entered the sheep’s enclosure, “we almost immediately got covered in ticks,” he says. “I couldn’t believe this sheep was alive.” It was covered in hundreds, maybe thousands, of ticks.
</p>
<p>
Unable to identify the ticks, Rainey sent samples to labs across the country. One went to Andrea Egizi, an entomologist at Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences in New Brunswick, N.J. Egizi analyzed the tick’s DNA, and was shocked when the identification came back as Haemaphysalis longicornis, a native of East Asia.
</p>
<p>
Known as the longhorned tick or bush tick, H. longicornis is ubiquitous in Japan, China and the Korean Peninsula. The New Jersey sheep was the first documented sighting in the continental United States, say Rainey and Egizi, who published their findings online February 19 in the Journal of Medical Entomology.
</p>
<p>
Scientists say that it is rare to find an invasive tick species in the wild. And this one seems to be spreading. It has been discovered in at least three more states — Virginia, West Virginia and Arkansas — and warnings have been issued for Maryland.
</p>
<p>
Here are five reasons why scientists are keeping an eye on this sneaky invader.
</p>
<p>
<span style="color:#0000FF"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>This tick can clone itself.</strong></span></span>
</p>
<p>
After a female longhorned tick feeds, she will lay up to 2,000 genetically identical eggs. Two to three months later, the eggs hatch without any male fertilization, and become mini copies of their mom. It is unclear how many ticks practice this rare form of asexual reproduction called parthenogenesis; so far, scientists have found fewer than 20 that reproduce this way, out of more than 800 tick species worldwide.
</p>
<p>
The process is “pretty alarming,” says medical entomologist Neeta Connally at West Connecticut State University in Danbury. That’s because parthenogenesis happens faster than traditional mating — about six months for the longhorned tick, compared with the two-year reproduction cycle of common American ticks such as the deer tick and lone star tick. Researchers worry that this rapid cloning could lead to heavier tick infestations in short periods of time. The female longhorned tick can focus on feeding, reproducing and traveling, without worrying about finding a mate. “She’s one of the first feminists,” jokes Allen Heath, a parasitologist at the Hopkirk Research Institute in Palmerston North, New Zealand.
</p>
<p>
<span style="color:#0000FF"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>It’s not a picky eater.</strong></span></span>
</p>
<p>
Some ticks, like the rabbit tick or moose tick, have specialized hosts and won’t feed on other animals. Other ticks, like the longhorned tick, rarely meet a blood type they don’t like. The longhorned tick will chow down on any bird or mammal
</p>
<p>
<span style="color:#0000FF"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>It can carry human diseases.</strong></span></span>
</p>
<p>
While no human bites have been reported in the United States yet, the longhorned tick is a significant public health threat in its native East Asia. In China, Japan and Korea, the tick is a known carrier of several viruses and bacteria that can infect humans. Recently, it has been linked to a disease called severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), which causes severe hemorrhaging and has a mortality rate of more than 5 percent.
</p>
<p>
SFTS isn’t in the United States, but researchers worry that the longhorned tick may be able to adapt to transmit local tick-borne diseases. Of particular concern is Lyme disease, but other potentially fatal diseases that cause neurological problems are also worrying, including ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Powassan virus
</p>
<p>
<span style="color:#0000FF"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>It’s a big threat to livestock.</strong></span></span>
</p>
<p>
At least for now, it seems cows and sheep should be more afraid of the tick than people. The longhorned tick is great at transmitting the deadly cattle disease theileriosis. Heavy infestations of the critters have also been known to suck so much blood from a single animal that it dies, a vampiric practice called exsanguination.
</p>
<p>
“Keep an eye on your animals,” warns Denise Bonilla, an entomologist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Inspection Service in Fort Collins, Colo. Farmers in affected areas should keep their animals on tick treatments if needed, she says.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="color:#0000FF"><strong>This tick is probably more widespread than we realize.</strong></span></span>
</p>
<p>
Researchers have no idea how the tick got to the United States, or how it’s been traveling within the country. Theories include hitching rides on birds or horses. We do know the tick had been in the country for several years before it was discovered last September. After that, a Rutgers graduate student tested an old tick from a 2013 sample found in New Jersey. It also turned out to be a longhorned tick, misidentified at the time as a native rabbit tick. The similar-looking longhorned tick and rabbit tick are from the same Haemaphysalis genus.
</p>
<p>
Egizi says she is not surprised the longhorned tick has been found in multiple places, considering it had gone undetected for years. “The more we look for it, the more we’ll find it,” she says.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<h1>
<span style="font-family:georgia,serif"><span style="color:#0000CD">This invasive tick can clone itself and suck livestock dry</span></span>
</h1>
<p>
Tadhgh Rainey has seen his share of bloodsuckers. As an entomologist at the Hunterdon County Health Services in Flemington, N.J., he’s the person to talk to about all things mosquitoes and ticks. But he had never seen anything like the infestation on a pet sheep in September 2017.
</p>
<p>
When he and his colleague entered the sheep’s enclosure, “we almost immediately got covered in ticks,” he says. “I couldn’t believe this sheep was alive.” It was covered in hundreds, maybe thousands, of ticks.
</p>
<p>
Unable to identify the ticks, Rainey sent samples to labs across the country. One went to Andrea Egizi, an entomologist at Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences in New Brunswick, N.J. Egizi analyzed the tick’s DNA, and was shocked when the identification came back as Haemaphysalis longicornis, a native of East Asia.
</p>
<p>
Known as the longhorned tick or bush tick, H. longicornis is ubiquitous in Japan, China and the Korean Peninsula. The New Jersey sheep was the first documented sighting in the continental United States, say Rainey and Egizi, who published their findings online February 19 in the Journal of Medical Entomology.
</p>
<p>
Scientists say that it is rare to find an invasive tick species in the wild. And this one seems to be spreading. It has been discovered in at least three more states — Virginia, West Virginia and Arkansas — and warnings have been issued for Maryland.
</p>
<p>
Here are five reasons why scientists are keeping an eye on this sneaky invader.
</p>
<p>
<span style="color:#0000FF"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>This tick can clone itself.</strong></span></span>
</p>
<p>
After a female longhorned tick feeds, she will lay up to 2,000 genetically identical eggs. Two to three months later, the eggs hatch without any male fertilization, and become mini copies of their mom. It is unclear how many ticks practice this rare form of asexual reproduction called parthenogenesis; so far, scientists have found fewer than 20 that reproduce this way, out of more than 800 tick species worldwide.
</p>
<p>
The process is “pretty alarming,” says medical entomologist Neeta Connally at West Connecticut State University in Danbury. That’s because parthenogenesis happens faster than traditional mating — about six months for the longhorned tick, compared with the two-year reproduction cycle of common American ticks such as the deer tick and lone star tick. Researchers worry that this rapid cloning could lead to heavier tick infestations in short periods of time. The female longhorned tick can focus on feeding, reproducing and traveling, without worrying about finding a mate. “She’s one of the first feminists,” jokes Allen Heath, a parasitologist at the Hopkirk Research Institute in Palmerston North, New Zealand.
</p>
<p>
<span style="color:#0000FF"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>It’s not a picky eater.</strong></span></span>
</p>
<p>
Some ticks, like the rabbit tick or moose tick, have specialized hosts and won’t feed on other animals. Other ticks, like the longhorned tick, rarely meet a blood type they don’t like. The longhorned tick will chow down on any bird or mammal
</p>
<p>
<span style="color:#0000FF"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>It can carry human diseases.</strong></span></span>
</p>
<p>
While no human bites have been reported in the United States yet, the longhorned tick is a significant public health threat in its native East Asia. In China, Japan and Korea, the tick is a known carrier of several viruses and bacteria that can infect humans. Recently, it has been linked to a disease called severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), which causes severe hemorrhaging and has a mortality rate of more than 5 percent.
</p>
<p>
SFTS isn’t in the United States, but researchers worry that the longhorned tick may be able to adapt to transmit local tick-borne diseases. Of particular concern is Lyme disease, but other potentially fatal diseases that cause neurological problems are also worrying, including ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Powassan virus
</p>
<p>
<span style="color:#0000FF"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>It’s a big threat to livestock.</strong></span></span>
</p>
<p>
At least for now, it seems cows and sheep should be more afraid of the tick than people. The longhorned tick is great at transmitting the deadly cattle disease theileriosis. Heavy infestations of the critters have also been known to suck so much blood from a single animal that it dies, a vampiric practice called exsanguination.
</p>
<p>
“Keep an eye on your animals,” warns Denise Bonilla, an entomologist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Inspection Service in Fort Collins, Colo. Farmers in affected areas should keep their animals on tick treatments if needed, she says.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="color:#0000FF"><strong>This tick is probably more widespread than we realize.</strong></span></span>
</p>
<p>
Researchers have no idea how the tick got to the United States, or how it’s been traveling within the country. Theories include hitching rides on birds or horses. We do know the tick had been in the country for several years before it was discovered last September. After that, a Rutgers graduate student tested an old tick from a 2013 sample found in New Jersey. It also turned out to be a longhorned tick, misidentified at the time as a native rabbit tick. The similar-looking longhorned tick and rabbit tick are from the same Haemaphysalis genus.
</p>
<p>
Egizi says she is not surprised the longhorned tick has been found in multiple places, considering it had gone undetected for years. “The more we look for it, the more we’ll find it,” she says.
</p>
<p>
</p>
Experiments That Could Have Destroyed the World But Didn’t2018-07-01T10:01:03+05:302018-07-01T10:01:03+05:30https://www.sandybook.in/latestsms/tech/general-news/876-experiments-that-could-have-destroyed-the-world-but-didn%E2%80%99tSandybooksandybook.in@gmail.com<h1>
<span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:georgia,serif;">Experiments That Could Have Destroyed the World But Didn’t</span></span>
</h1>
<p>
The Large Hadron Collider helped to find a new particle, and it didn't turn the world inside out. Everybody relax! But history is full of strange experiments that people predicted might bring about the end of the human race... and in some cases, they might actually have had a point.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Digging the Kola Superdeep Borehole</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Initiated in 1970, this Soviet science experiment sought to drill as deep as possible into the Earth's crust. The borehole on the Kola Peninsula dug to a depth of 12 kilometers into the planet's crust by 1994.
</p>
<p>
While the Soviets did not encounter the Mole Man during digging, drilling a deep hole into the Earth's crust (which varies from 30 to 50 kilometers in thickness) could have unleashed seismic forces that nobody could control, much like in the Doctor Who story "Inferno," which aired that same year.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>New Zealand's Tsunami Bomb</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Known more for a connection to the Shire than innovation in weapons creation, New Zealand experimented with the use of bombs to create artificial tsunamis, between 1944 and 1945.
</p>
<p>
By strategically placing bombs, the military scientists behind New Zealand's Project Seal believed they could divert explosive energy through water, causing tsunamis and tidal waves. After thousands of test explosions, New Zealand ceased experimentation, because military scientists kept having trouble with funneling the explosive energy in a horizontal direction. If New Zealand's tsunami bomb experiments had been successful, tsunami creation could have gone mainstream — allowing anyone with a conventional explosive device to create widespread chaos and death with ease.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Operation Cirrus</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
In the late 1940s, the United States attempted to divert the path of hurricanes by seeding the storms with dry ice. After scientists poured 180 pounds of dry ice into a hurricane moving east into the Atlantic Ocean, the hurricane made an extremely unpredictable move — and changed directions. The hurricane collided with the town of Savannah, Georgia — no stranger to unusual government intrusions , killing at least one person and causing over $200 million in damage.<br />
This early weather-changing experiment eventually led to the UN's Environmental Modification Convention, banning weather changing experiments conducted as a means of war.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Project Mercury and Volcano</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
From 1987 to 1992, the Russian military detonated nuclear weapons underground, with the goal of disturbing tectonic plates and electromagnetic fields as a weapon, in Project Mercury and Project Volcano.
</p>
<p>
These experiments sound like the basis for a bad James Bond movie, but four experimental attempts actually happened — until the 1978 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques banning experiments of this nature. Extended disruption of tectonic plates could cause a series of severe earthquakes and destabilize electromagnetic fields, leading to a number of theoretical and unforeseen issues.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Genetically engineered oil-eating superbugs</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
In the mid-1970s, General Electric R&D scientist Ananda Chakrabarty introduced a plasmid that allowed the bacteria Pseudomonas putida to digest petroleum. Chakrabarty designed the bacteria with the hope that it would be used to clean up oil spills. But many people were terrified that these engineered bacteria could run amuck, consume everything in their path, and "out-compete" other bacteria and organisms for survival on Earth. The bacterial dominance theory is a "green" precursor to the grey goo theory — and it might be a more likely possibly.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Accidentally creating a black hole</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Before the opening of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider in New York, public fears amassed over the idea of the RHIC creating an uncontrollable black hole during the course course of its operation. This lead to a plethora of sensational articles in 1999, topped off by a story from the The Sunday Times of London running with the headline "Big Bang machine could destroy Earth."
</p>
<p>
The researchers at RHIC study aspects of black holes, but they lack the energy available to create a real gravitational black hole. Whether or not the researchers crossed their fingers when they began experiments at RHIC in 2000 is another story, but as far as I know, we still exist and are not suffering the extreme relativistic effects of a journey through a black hole.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>U.S. experiments increasing the efficiency of Magnaporthe grisea</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Wheat blast and rice blast cause huge damage to world crops, but they're rare in First World countries. The fungus Magnaporthe grisea leaves lesions on individual plants, that can release thousands of spores and contaminate an enormous area in a single night. The fungus exists in over 80 countries, and it entered the United States in 1996.
</p>
<p>
During the Cold War, the United States experimented with a weaponized form of Magnaporthe grisea, which could spread via a spray — or via bombs. Nobody knows whether the U.S. intentionally used the weaponized form, but if these "contagious" crop diseases started spreading uncontrollably, two of the world's most vital crops would be devastated, causing a worldwide famine.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Starfish Prime</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Detonating a nuclear weapon outside of the planet's magnetic field just sounds like a bad idea, but the United States decided to go ahead and detonate six nuclear weapons at high altitude, during 1962's Starfish Prime (and Operation Fishbowl).
</p>
<p>
How did this nuclear explosion affect the Earth's magnetic field? Luckily, the magnetic field "snapped back" into place — causing a strong electromagnetic pulse as a side effect. But if our geomagnetic field had been permanently altered, we could experience a loss protection from cosmic rays and solar winds, along with massive earthquakes, as the continents moved around.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Weaponizing the plague</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
The Plague was responsible for killing up to 60% of the population of Europe in the 14th Century — and then, the Soviet All-Union Institute of Ultra-Pure Biological Preparations succeeded in weaponizing it in the late 1980s. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, program director Vladimir Pasechnik went public with this research, which included military preparations to load warheads with a time-released version of the Black Death. In order to handle the plague, the Soviet program encased a powdered form of bacterial agent, Yersinia pestis, in a polymer capsule.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>The Trinity nuclear test</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
In the days preceding the detonation of the first nuclear bomb, scientists within the Manhattan Project debated what would happen in the aftermath of detonation, with a few scientists believing the bomb would not explode at all.
</p>
<p>
Enrico Fermi, however, suggested the detonation of the bomb could create a chain reaction that would set the Earth's atmosphere ablaze and kill almost all life on the planet. It is disturbing to realize that scientists would go forward, in light of the ruminations of a Nobel Prize winner — but thank goodness, Fermi hypothesized incorrectly.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>The Large Hadron Collider</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a particle accelerator located near Geneva, Switzerland, built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). When it was first built, some people worried that it could create a black hole that could grow larger than the earth and consume it. This led to alarming discussions and headlines, but there was no actual reason to fear.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>SETI</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
It stands for search for extraterrestrial intelligence. How interesting it would be if we were able to establish a contact between the natives of other planets. We'll be able to know how they live? How do they talk? What do they eat? And so on and so forth. In the year 1899, Nicola Tesla, a scientist observed signals of life from Mars. But ever imagined, that however nice and hunky dory this thought might be, there could even be a possibility of a very violent and hostile alien invasion, not to mention we hardly know what all, "they" are capable of doing.
</p>
<h1>
<span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:georgia,serif;">Experiments That Could Have Destroyed the World But Didn’t</span></span>
</h1>
<p>
The Large Hadron Collider helped to find a new particle, and it didn't turn the world inside out. Everybody relax! But history is full of strange experiments that people predicted might bring about the end of the human race... and in some cases, they might actually have had a point.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Digging the Kola Superdeep Borehole</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Initiated in 1970, this Soviet science experiment sought to drill as deep as possible into the Earth's crust. The borehole on the Kola Peninsula dug to a depth of 12 kilometers into the planet's crust by 1994.
</p>
<p>
While the Soviets did not encounter the Mole Man during digging, drilling a deep hole into the Earth's crust (which varies from 30 to 50 kilometers in thickness) could have unleashed seismic forces that nobody could control, much like in the Doctor Who story "Inferno," which aired that same year.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>New Zealand's Tsunami Bomb</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Known more for a connection to the Shire than innovation in weapons creation, New Zealand experimented with the use of bombs to create artificial tsunamis, between 1944 and 1945.
</p>
<p>
By strategically placing bombs, the military scientists behind New Zealand's Project Seal believed they could divert explosive energy through water, causing tsunamis and tidal waves. After thousands of test explosions, New Zealand ceased experimentation, because military scientists kept having trouble with funneling the explosive energy in a horizontal direction. If New Zealand's tsunami bomb experiments had been successful, tsunami creation could have gone mainstream — allowing anyone with a conventional explosive device to create widespread chaos and death with ease.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Operation Cirrus</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
In the late 1940s, the United States attempted to divert the path of hurricanes by seeding the storms with dry ice. After scientists poured 180 pounds of dry ice into a hurricane moving east into the Atlantic Ocean, the hurricane made an extremely unpredictable move — and changed directions. The hurricane collided with the town of Savannah, Georgia — no stranger to unusual government intrusions , killing at least one person and causing over $200 million in damage.<br />
This early weather-changing experiment eventually led to the UN's Environmental Modification Convention, banning weather changing experiments conducted as a means of war.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Project Mercury and Volcano</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
From 1987 to 1992, the Russian military detonated nuclear weapons underground, with the goal of disturbing tectonic plates and electromagnetic fields as a weapon, in Project Mercury and Project Volcano.
</p>
<p>
These experiments sound like the basis for a bad James Bond movie, but four experimental attempts actually happened — until the 1978 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques banning experiments of this nature. Extended disruption of tectonic plates could cause a series of severe earthquakes and destabilize electromagnetic fields, leading to a number of theoretical and unforeseen issues.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Genetically engineered oil-eating superbugs</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
In the mid-1970s, General Electric R&D scientist Ananda Chakrabarty introduced a plasmid that allowed the bacteria Pseudomonas putida to digest petroleum. Chakrabarty designed the bacteria with the hope that it would be used to clean up oil spills. But many people were terrified that these engineered bacteria could run amuck, consume everything in their path, and "out-compete" other bacteria and organisms for survival on Earth. The bacterial dominance theory is a "green" precursor to the grey goo theory — and it might be a more likely possibly.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Accidentally creating a black hole</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Before the opening of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider in New York, public fears amassed over the idea of the RHIC creating an uncontrollable black hole during the course course of its operation. This lead to a plethora of sensational articles in 1999, topped off by a story from the The Sunday Times of London running with the headline "Big Bang machine could destroy Earth."
</p>
<p>
The researchers at RHIC study aspects of black holes, but they lack the energy available to create a real gravitational black hole. Whether or not the researchers crossed their fingers when they began experiments at RHIC in 2000 is another story, but as far as I know, we still exist and are not suffering the extreme relativistic effects of a journey through a black hole.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>U.S. experiments increasing the efficiency of Magnaporthe grisea</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Wheat blast and rice blast cause huge damage to world crops, but they're rare in First World countries. The fungus Magnaporthe grisea leaves lesions on individual plants, that can release thousands of spores and contaminate an enormous area in a single night. The fungus exists in over 80 countries, and it entered the United States in 1996.
</p>
<p>
During the Cold War, the United States experimented with a weaponized form of Magnaporthe grisea, which could spread via a spray — or via bombs. Nobody knows whether the U.S. intentionally used the weaponized form, but if these "contagious" crop diseases started spreading uncontrollably, two of the world's most vital crops would be devastated, causing a worldwide famine.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Starfish Prime</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Detonating a nuclear weapon outside of the planet's magnetic field just sounds like a bad idea, but the United States decided to go ahead and detonate six nuclear weapons at high altitude, during 1962's Starfish Prime (and Operation Fishbowl).
</p>
<p>
How did this nuclear explosion affect the Earth's magnetic field? Luckily, the magnetic field "snapped back" into place — causing a strong electromagnetic pulse as a side effect. But if our geomagnetic field had been permanently altered, we could experience a loss protection from cosmic rays and solar winds, along with massive earthquakes, as the continents moved around.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>Weaponizing the plague</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
The Plague was responsible for killing up to 60% of the population of Europe in the 14th Century — and then, the Soviet All-Union Institute of Ultra-Pure Biological Preparations succeeded in weaponizing it in the late 1980s. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, program director Vladimir Pasechnik went public with this research, which included military preparations to load warheads with a time-released version of the Black Death. In order to handle the plague, the Soviet program encased a powdered form of bacterial agent, Yersinia pestis, in a polymer capsule.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>The Trinity nuclear test</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
In the days preceding the detonation of the first nuclear bomb, scientists within the Manhattan Project debated what would happen in the aftermath of detonation, with a few scientists believing the bomb would not explode at all.
</p>
<p>
Enrico Fermi, however, suggested the detonation of the bomb could create a chain reaction that would set the Earth's atmosphere ablaze and kill almost all life on the planet. It is disturbing to realize that scientists would go forward, in light of the ruminations of a Nobel Prize winner — but thank goodness, Fermi hypothesized incorrectly.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>The Large Hadron Collider</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a particle accelerator located near Geneva, Switzerland, built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). When it was first built, some people worried that it could create a black hole that could grow larger than the earth and consume it. This led to alarming discussions and headlines, but there was no actual reason to fear.
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>SETI</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
It stands for search for extraterrestrial intelligence. How interesting it would be if we were able to establish a contact between the natives of other planets. We'll be able to know how they live? How do they talk? What do they eat? And so on and so forth. In the year 1899, Nicola Tesla, a scientist observed signals of life from Mars. But ever imagined, that however nice and hunky dory this thought might be, there could even be a possibility of a very violent and hostile alien invasion, not to mention we hardly know what all, "they" are capable of doing.
</p>